INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 409 I. FEDERAL WIRETAPPING LAWS: A SHORT HISTORY............ 412 II. EXTENDING CALEA --WHAT DOES LAW ENFORCEMENT WANT? .......................................................... 418 III. HOW DOES NETWORK-SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY WORK?..........................................................................

te c h o p s D irected Energy Weapons (DEW) have been a recurring theme in science fiction literature and cinema ever since H.G. Wells published the ‘War of the Worlds’ in 1898. The idea of a ‘death ray’ that can instantly destroy or burn a target at a distance retains its allure to this very day. More than a century after Wells contrived his ‘heat ray’ the technology is maturing to the point o...

Iran and Saudi Arabia have long been engaged in heated rivalry and conflict in the Middle East. These two regional powers are both major oil-exporting countries; in major foreign policy issues, therefore, oil is used as an important tool to pursue goals. Iran and Saudi Arabia have a long history of differences on oil policies, but one of the most severe differences emerged in 2011-2016, along w...

The modern U.S. “market” for weapons and weapon systems has two dominating features. First, it is characterized by a single buyer, DoD, which defines the product and controls the sales opportunities of weapon system providers.2 Unlike most commercial product markets, the weapons market is centralized, historically driven by the detailed performance and technical requirements provided by DoD.3 E...

Estimating the size of India’s inventory of separated weapon-grade plutonium has become more difficult following its nuclear tests in May 1998. India treats this number as highly classified, partly because such estimates provide a direct indication of the number of nuclear weapons it may possess. The purpose of this report is to summarize estimates of its stock of weapon-grade plutonium. A comp...

In this work we optimize an effect-based weapon-target assignment that does not exceed a pre-determined upper bounds P1, P2, . . . , Pk for the collateral damage of k types of assets. That is, for given P1, P2, . . . , Pk we optimize weapon-target assignments with respect to kill overhead by minimizing overkill of targets and assuring that the kill probabilities of friendly asset types do not e...

Two different signal processing algorithms are described for detection and classification of acoustic signals generated by firearm discharges in small enclosed spaces. The first is based on the logarithm of the signal energy. The second is a joint entropy. The current study indicates that a system using both signal energy and joint entropy would be able to both detect weapon discharges and clas...