Waterfalls are specific hydrological and hydrobiological objects that often serve as the natural obstacles for spreading of aquatic animal species, resulting discontinuous range these species. rapids create special habitats riverine organisms cause microclimatic changes along coast. The areas largest waterfalls in Ethiopia, high-mountainous Jinbar Waterfall low-mountainous Blue Nile Falls (Tis ...

Landscape genetics holds promise for the forecasting of spatial patterns of genetic diversity based on key environmental features. Yet, the degree to which inferences based on single species can be extended to whole communities is not fully understood. We used a pristine and spatially structured community of three landlocked salmonids (Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmo salar, and Salvelinus alpinus)...

We present an approach to determine the credibility of content provided within a visual VGI source such as Flickr. We propose analysing the variability of selected user and photo metadata of geotagged Flickr photos with the location correctness of these images, which is our reference quality measure. These observed user and photo metadata can help to infer the credibility of contributors.

With the increased availability of user generated data, assessing the quality and credibility of such data becomes important. In this article, we propose to assess the location correctness of visually generated Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) as a quality reference measure. The location correctness is determined by checking the visibility of the point of interest from the position of t...

The Battle of Midway (June 4 – 6, 1942) is considered one of the pivotal naval encounters of the Second World War. The battle has been examined in detail within both popular and scholarly literature, and a common opinion found in virtually all of these examinations is that Japanese search efforts on the morning of June 4, which were intended to determine if any U.S. naval forces were present, w...

Many of today’s scenic assessment tools were developed initially to preserve the visual quality public lands and mitigate negative impacts large-scale landscape alterations, such as timber harvesting, mineral extraction, renewable energy production. However, we are beginning see more interest today in preserving views on non-public lands. This essay makes a case for additional that reveal deep ...

The advantages of using the fundamental topographic features of a surface namely the peaks, pits, passes, ridges and channels as the observers (viewpoints) in visibility computation is presented. Considerable time can be saved without any significant information loss by using the fundamental topographic features as observers in the terrain. This optimisation is achieved because of a reduced num...

This article describes a new model for urban planning in ancient and preindustrial cities that moves beyond the traditional simplistic dichotomy of planned versus organic cities. The model has two components: coordination of buildings and spaces, and standardization among cities. A variety of coordinated arrangements of buildings reflect urban planning, including simple coordination, formality ...