AIMS The aim of the study was to examine for Australia whether the link between population alcohol consumption and liver disease mortality varies over time, using 71 years of data. METHODS Overall and gender-specific rates of liver disease mortality were analysed in relation to total alcohol consumption as well as for different beverage types by using autoregressive integrated moving average ...

OBJECTIVES This study evaluates the effect of a 5 New Taiwan Dollar (NTD 5) Health and Welfare Tax increase on the consumption of domestic and imported cigarettes and cigars. METHODS Using statistics published annually from 1971 through 2000, we set up a model based on the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) demand model to estimate price and expenditure elasticity coefficients of cigarettes a...

fluoride is one of the most important elements in the composition of teeth and bones. this element can enter the body via different ways. however, drinking water is the most important way to receive fluoride by a lot of people. an increase in fluoride level in the body causes dental fluorosis and its absence leads to teeth decay. standard rate of fluoride in drinking water is determined by the ...

Objective:Alcohol per capita consumption (APC) is used for monitoring harmful alcohol exposure in populations and assessing progress with goals set internationally nationally. Recently, the alc...

fresh water scarcity has become a global problem which needs a serious attempt to find proper solutions for decreasing the pressure on the limited water resources. the exact estimation of crop virtual water would help with choosing crops with high crop and water productivity which lead to both food and water security. thus, in this research, maize virtual water was estimated using hydrus2d base...

Three issues are addressed in this paper. First, we use both household and macro data to establish how fast per capita consumption and incomes grew in Ghana in the 1990s. Second, we ask how much of the rise in incomes was due to rises in the level of human capital and how much reflected underlying technical progress. Third, we assess the implications of how incomes rose for the interpretation o...