STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study using a cross-sectional design. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether there is a pattern of altered scapular orientation during arm elevation in patients with insidious onset neck pain (IONP) and whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) compared to asymptomatic people. BACKGROUND Altered activity in the axioscapular muscles and impairments in scapular orientat...

This multidisciplinary in-depth investigation of accidents using 24 occupants with neck symptoms shows the complexity of whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) in frontal impacts with respect to factors that influence occurrence as well as duration of symptoms. Several different occupant kinematics have been identified, all resulting in symptoms classified as WAD. Compared to occupants restrained ...

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Abstract Detailed mineralogical and textural studies, combined with sequential X-ray diffraction geochemical modeling, helped to solve the “copper pitch/wad” enigma in Exótica deposit located downstream of Chuquicamata porphyry copper deposit. Copper pitch wad are essentially chrysocolla co-precipitated Mn oxides, mainly birnessite, as well pseudo-amorphous oxide/oxyhydroxides. Linking mineralo...

A research study was carried out on the indirect selection efforts amongst small scale holders of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats based on coat pigmentation and wattle types in Ogbomoso, Nigeria using personal interviews and structured questionnaires given using simple random on-farm techniques. The questionnaires were focused on the ownership distribution, preferred pigmentation and wattle type...

Feed shortage and high cost of conventional feed ingredients in the tropics keen competition between man other farm animals necessitated need to search for alternative resources that are cheap, available at all times but not toxic ruminants enhance their productivity. Hence, this study examined fermentation characteristics performance West African dwarf (WAD) sheep fed graded levels soybean che...

STUDY DESIGN Systematic literature review. OBJECTIVES To assess differences in center of pressure (COP) measures in patients suffering from non-specific neck pain (NSNP) or whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) compared to healthy controls and any relationship between changes in postural sway and the presence of pain, its intensity, previous pain duration and the perceived level of disability. ...

Description Commentary References The Whiplash Disability Questionnaire (WDQ) (Pinfold et al 2004) is a 13-item questionnaire designed to measure disability caused by whiplash associated disorders (WAD). Items address current pain levels, personal care, role performance (work/study/home duties), mobility (driving/ public transport), sleep disturbances, tiredness, social and leisure (sporting an...

The aim of this study was to explore whether reported pain and functional disability in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) patients is associated with lesions to specific soft tissue structures in the upper cervical spine, as assessed by MRI. Pre-selected structures for MRI assessment included the alar ligaments, the transverse ligament, the tectorial and the posterior atlanto-occipital membra...

The World-Wide Web is increasingly used as a means for accessing on-line applications, although the Web was initially created to access documents. In contrast to data-intensive Web sites, dynamic Web applications are Web-based business applications that execute business logic for changing the business state captured by the system. Due to the central roles of business logic, it is important for ...