The treatment and prevention of influenza virus infection has been associated with two major challenges that are exemplified by 2009H1N1 as well as previous pandemics. The constant evolutionary pressure on the influenza virus can result in novel strains which may not be optimally protected by vaccines or currently approved antivirals. Selection for antiviral resistance mutations can occur over ...

Mice carrying the gene Mx were resistant to the lethal action of a hepatotropic line of avian influenza A virus. In resistant animals, foci of liver necrosis were self-limiting, and maximal virus titers reached were much below those in susceptible animals. Resistance could not be abrogated by immunosuppressive treatment with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, or procarbazine, although such treatme...

In Capsicum, the resistance against tobamoviruses conferred by the L2 gene is effective against all but one of the known tobamoviruses. Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is the only virus which escapes its action. To identify the viral factors affecting induction of the hypersensitive reaction (HR) mediated by the Capsicum spp. L2 resistance gene, we have constructed chimeric viral genomes betwe...

background: influenza virus is the major cause of lower respiratory tract illnesses on the worldwide. vaccination can be an effective tool to prevent its outbreak. highly conserved viral nucleoprotein is an effective vaccine candidate to provide heterosubtypic immunity, offering resistance against various influenza virus strains. m aterials and methods: in present research np gene was inserted ...

It has been proposed that cloned plant disease resistance genes could be transferred from resistant to susceptible plant species to control important crop plant diseases. The recently cloned N gene of tobacco confers resistance to the viral pathogen, tobacco mosaic virus. We generated transgenic tomato plants bearing the N gene and demonstrate that N confers a hypersensitive response and effect...

Tm-2² is a coiled coil-nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat resistance protein that confers durable extreme resistance against Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by recognizing the viral movement protein (MP). Here we report that the Nicotiana benthamiana J-domain MIP1 proteins (NbMIP1s) associate with tobamovirus MP, Tm-2² and SGT1. Silencing of NbMIP1s reduced TMV mov...

Resistant variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been selected by limited passage in MT4 cells of both wild-type and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT, zidovudine)-resistant strains with the nucleoside analogues (-)-2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) and (-)-2'-deoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine (FTC). Virus variants selected independently were crossresistant to both inhibitors. Thi...

Vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes a multifunctional protein, E3L, that is necessary for interferon (IFN) resistance in cells in culture. Interferon resistance has been mapped to the well-characterized carboxy terminus of E3L, which contains a conserved double-stranded RNA binding domain. The amino terminus of E3L has a Z-form nucleic acid binding domain, which has been shown to be dispensable for r...

The honey bee ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, has a world-wide distribution and inflicts more damage than all other known apicultural diseases. However, Varroa-induced colony mortality is more accurately a result of secondary virus infections vectored by the mite. This means that honey bee resistance to Varroa may include resistance or tolerance to virus infections. The aim of this study...

Impact assessments of virus resistance transgene introgression into wild, free-living populations are important for determining whether these transgenes present a risk to agriculture or the environment. Transgenic virus-resistant Cucurbita pepo ssp. ovifera var. ovifera L. (squash) cultivars have been commercialized, and may be cultivated in close proximity to cross-compatible wild, free-living...