Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known human and causes most severe form of viral hepatitis, yet it still not fully understood how replicates interacts with many host proteins during replication. This review aims to provide a systematic all factors currently interact HDV their mechanistic involvement in steps replication cycle. Finally, we discuss implications for therapeutic develop...

Any individual virus can infect only a limited range of hosts, and most plant species are "nonhosts" to a given virus; i.e., all members of the species are insusceptible to the virus. In nonhost plants, the factors that control virus resistance are not genetically tractable, and how the host range of a virus is determined remains poorly understood. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a nonhost spe...

In this study, the pathogenicity of A/Ch/It/5093/1999 H7N1 which had been isolated from chicken during the outbreak in Italy was assessed in chicken by experimental infection virus. Ten SPF chickens of four week-old were inoculated with this virus, and five chickens were inoculated with uninfected allantoic fluid. For determination of virus shedding, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were taken f...

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne virus (genus Nairovirus, family Bunyaviridae) associated with high case fatality disease outbreaks in regions of Africa, Europe, and Asia. The CCHFV genome consists of three negative-strand RNA segments, S, M, and L. The unusually large virus L polymerase protein and the need for biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) containment conditions for w...

Flaviviruses are potentially human pathogens that cause major epidemics worldwide. Flavivirus interacts with host cell factors to form a favourable virus replication site. Cell cytoskeletons have been observed to have close contact with flaviviruses, which expands the understanding of cytoskeleton functions during virus replication, although many detailed mechanisms are still unclear. The inter...

The Gag polyprotein of murine leukemia virus (MLV) is processed into matrix (MA), p12, capsid (CA), and nucleocapsid (NC) proteins. p12 affects early events of virus replication and contains a PPPY motif important for virus release. To probe the functions of p12 in the early steps of MLV replication, we tested whether p12 can be replaced by spleen necrosis virus (SNV) p18, human immunodeficienc...

Numerous pathogens can affect cellular homeostasis and organelle dynamics. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) triggers Golgi fragmentation through the immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM), a resident protein, to enhance its lipid supply for replication.

Dengue virus has emerged as a global health threat to over one-third of humankind. As a positive-strand RNA virus, dengue virus relies on the host cell metabolism for its translation, replication, and egress. Therefore, a better understanding of the host cell metabolic pathways required for dengue virus infection offers the opportunity to develop new approaches for therapeutic intervention. In ...

Replication of a strain of fowl plague virus adapted to human myeloblasts was studied in leukemia cell cultures derived from the venous blood of 20 adult patients suffering from acute leukemia (15 acute myelogenous, 4 acute lymphatic, and 1 chronic myelogenous leukemia in acute blastic crisis). Virus multiplication was observed in the cultures of 18 patients. Sufficient adaptation of the virus ...

Viral infections alter host cell homeostasis and this may lead to immune evasion and/or interfere with the replication of other microbes in coinfected hosts. Two flaviviruses are associated with a reduction in HIV replication or improved survival in HIV-infected people (dengue virus (DV) and GB virus type C (GBV-C)). GBV-C infection and expression of the GBV-C nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) an...