within communicative, interactive, and learner-centered framework of language teaching and learning, students need to learn four skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing for their educational success. but of all the language skills, reading enjoys a paramount significance in so many second or foreign language academic contexts. in spite of its importance, language learners still have...

This article tries to study comparatively the two concepts of vice and guilt and their relationship to each other in a descriptive-analytical method and based on the main works of Thomas Aquinas and Mullah Mehdi Naraghi. For Aquinas and Naraghi, vice is the opposite of virtue. From an anthropological point of view, the concept of "vice"  indicates a kind of inner and spiritual immaturity of man...

efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...