To the Editor—Field investigations in the People’s Republic of China to determine the protective efficacy of typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine (Vi vaccine) were done among students attending a middle school [1]. Vi vaccine was offered to students even during an outbreak of typhoid fever. The efficacy was 73% among those immunized before the outbreak and 71% among vaccine recipients during the o...

In the present work, the solid-state dispersion method has been used to stabilize ZnOon Todorokite (TD). ZnO/TD catalysts have been characterized by SEM and XRD. Optimum process conditions were determined for the removal of Cr(VI) from water using the Taguchi fractional design method. Four controllable factors containing pH, photocatalyst amount, irradiation intensity, and <em...

the vigna subterranean (l.) verdc hull’s (vsvh) potential to remove cr(vi) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. the biosorbent was characterised by ftir, sem-edx and xrf before and after exposure to cr(vi). the surface comprised of phenolic, carboxylate, sulphonate, carboxyl, ammines, silica, silanol, phosphite esters, alkyl and hydroxyl functional groups responsible for cr(vi) removal...

The propagation of Vi-phage I1 on ‘degraded Vi strains ’ of Salmonella typhi did not yield phage preparations bearing any trace of the specificity of the original Vi type from which the degraded strains had sprung. Ten different standard Vi-typing phages were grown on a selection of degraded Vi strains. The phages could be separated into two groups: six underwent a change which appeared to be a...

Vi antibody response of rabbits varied depending on whether Vi antigen was administered in particulate or soluble state. Vi antigen in particulate form induced hemagglutinins, bacterial agglutinins, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) antibodies, whereas soluble Vi antigen induced only hemagglutinins. Guinea pigs passively sensitized with antisera against particulate Vi antigen gave PCA rea...

Electroplating wastewater contains both Cr (VI) and sulfate. So Cr (VI) removal under sulfate-rich condition is quite complicated. This study mainly investigates the pathways for Cr (VI) removal under biological sulfate-reducing condition in the up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor. Two potential pathways are found for the removal of Cr (VI). The first one is the sulfidogenesis-induced C...

Vi polysaccharide from Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is used as one of the available vaccines to prevent typhoid fever. Measurement of Vi-specific serum antibodies after vaccination with Vi polysaccharide by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) may be complicated due to poor binding of the Vi polysaccharide to ELISA plates resulting in poor reproducibility of measured antibody respons...

The present research describes the performance of NiO NPs/Ag-clinoptilolite composite adsorbent for the removal of uranium (U(VI)) ions from drinking water of Dezful city-Iran. Prior to the experiment reactions, Na-clinoptilolite was chemically treated with NaCl, Silver ions (Ag+) and subsequently Nickel (NiO) NPs to prepare NiO NPs/Ag-clinoptilolite. The samples were characterized by SEM, AAS,...