One of the most important factors that affects construction costs of highways is the earthwork cost. On the other hand, the earthwork cost strongly depends on the design of vertical alignment or project line. In this study, at first, the problem of vertical alignment optimization was formulated. To this end, station, elevation and vertical curve length in case of each point of vertical intersec...

Abstract. We consider the inverse obstacle scattering problem of determining both the shape and the “equivalent impedance” from far field measurements at a fixed frequency. In this work, the surface impedance is represented by a second order surface differential operator (refer to as generalized impedance boundary condition) as opposed to a scalar function. The generalized impedance boundary co...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper was evaluating the ratios of electrical impedance measurements reported in previous studies through a correlation analysis in order to explicit it as the contributing factor to the accuracy of electronic apex locator (EAL). MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature regarding electrical property measurements of EALs was screened using Medline and Embase. All data ac...

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) uses body surface electrical stimulation and measurements to create conductivity images; it shows promise as a non-invasive technology to monitor the distribution of lung ventilation. Most applications of EIT have placed electrodes in a 2D ring around the thorax, and thus produced 2D cross-sectional images. These images are unable to distinguish out-of-plan...

Marine seismic data from the Blake Outer Ridge offshore Florida show strong “bottom simulating reflections” (BSR) associated with methane hydrate occurence in deep marine sediments. We use a detailed amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis of these data to explore the validity of models which might explain the origin of the bottom simulating reflector. After careful preprocessing steps, we deter...