In order to investigate the influence of the vertical variation of porosity on open-channel flow with submerged vegetation, vertical non-homogeneous stumps and stems in submerged vegetation flow are simulated with truncated cones in a laboratory flume. First, porosity is defined as a function of water depth. A new governing equation for vegetation flow is established on the basis of the poroela...

A composite distribution of tangential and upward components of air flow is determined by tracing particles of debris and cloud tag movements in scaled movies of a tornado. The greatest tangential speed measured is 170 m.p.h. and the greatest upward speed derived is 150 m.p.h. A distribution of the convergent radial component of motion in the lower 600 f t . of the vortex is synthesized and use...

While offshore outsourcing has become an important strategy to lower production costs among western firms, it gives rise to a phenomenon of value chain climbing – suppliers in emerging markets can develop capabilities by supplying, with aspirations to compete with the buyers in the product market. We build an analytical model to study the impact of value chain climbing on value distribution in ...

A recently developed Centroidal Voronoi Tessellation (CVT) sampling method is investigated here to assess its suitability for use in statistical sampling applications. CVT efficiently generates a highly uniform distribution of sample points over arbitrarily shaped M-Dimensional parameter spaces. On several 2-D test problems CVT has recently been found to provide exceedingly effective and effici...

The transparency-gradient hypothesis argues that ultraviolet radiation (UV) is a primary determinant of the vertical distribution of zooplankton in transparent lakes with fewer fish, while fish predation is the primary driver in less transparent lakes where fish are more abundant. We measured vertical profiles of UV, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, essentially visible light used as a ...