Sex determination is ruled by haplodiploidy in Hymenoptera, with haploid males arising from unfertilized eggs and diploid females from fertilized eggs. However, diploid males with null fitness are produced under complementary sex determination (CSD), when individuals are homozygous for this locus. Diploid males are expected to be more frequent in genetically eroded populations (such as islands ...

Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) fungicides group were introduced for commercial use against apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) in Israel 1997. Unlike other regions the world, which resistance of V. inaequalis to QoI was observed within 3–5 years use, it only occurred after 14 use. Field trials conducted between 2007 and 2017 showed a significant reduction susceptibility QoIs northern since 2011....

An important issue in horticulture is ensuring plant disease, such as scab, prevention and treatment. Apple pear are among the most widely grown (approximately 43% of all fruit tree area [1]) economically crops specified worldwide Latvia. Scab diseases caused by ascomycetous fungi Venturia inaequalis V.pyrina worldwide. Research projects have produced research data covering various aspects plan...

Apple scab caused by the pathogenic fungus Venturia inaequalis causes significant damage to apples. The creation of apple-scab resistant varieties is considered an alternative pesticide-based management. To evaluate R gene inheritance, 862 apple hybrid samples were analyzed and divided into populations depending on resistance genes (Rvi6 Rvi5) present in parents’ genotypes their combinations. f...