In 2009 Paolo Zamboni et al. implicated that chronic cerebral venous congestion lead to the development of multiple sclerosis. In this review, we examined the role of chronic cerbrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis and the proposed therapy entailing venous angioplasty and stenting of extracranial veins with available evidence to date.

Background: Ulcer is a severe complication from chronic venous insufficiency; thus, its pathophysiology needs to be deeply understood. Venous Doppler ultrasonography is the most appropriate complementary imaging study, enabling the study of the superficial and deep venous system, the diameter and flow of the veins. Recent studies have suggested that popliteal vein reflux is an important factor ...

This study concerns ain evaluation of the anatomicopathologic changes found in blood vessels of the skin in areas of venous insufficiency in the lower legs. These changes have been compared with the vascular structure in comparable areas of skin in normal persons. Apparently evidence of ar-teriolar damage is more a concomitant finding in the clinical picture of chronic venous insufficiency than...