Many human cultures engage in the collective commemoration of dead members of their community. Ancestor veneration and other forms of commemoration may help to reduce social distance within groups, thereby encouraging reciprocity and providing a significant survival advantage. Here we present a simulation in which a prototypical form of ancestor commemoration arises spontaneously among computat...

The Maccabean martyrs were Jews killed c. 167 BCE by the Greek king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The first of the martyrs to die was the elderly scribe Eleazar, who was beaten to death for refusing to eat pork. The rest of the martyrs (seven young brothers and their mother) were then killed for the same offense. Interestingly, these martyrs came to be venerated as Christian martyrs during late antiq...

In metropolitan development management, quality of public services is influential in every public sector to satisfaction of citizens on quality of services. Nowadays, satisfaction are with such important matters that should be considered in the planning, implementation, management and maintenance of many public services such as subway, transportation, traffics, parks, markets and so on. Th...

This article surveys the current pervasiveness of the phenomenon of sacred trees in the Holy Land, with special reference to the official attitudes of local religious leaders and the attitudes of Muslims in comparison with the Druze as well as in monotheism vs. polytheism. Field data regarding the reasons for the sanctification of trees and the common beliefs and rituals related to them are des...

new millennium began when half of world population is living in the cities. predictions represent that the proportion of citizenship will reach to 65 percent by 2050. one the phenomena affected by living in the cities is citizenship. citizenship phenomenon is one of the phenomena that in in the era of social political evolution in the world have received much attention. presentation of theories...

Based on the fervor and devotion of Virgin Girdle Tortosa—which gained a strong establishment from 17th century onwards—this article explores possibility cause-effect relationship between apparition in cathedral 1178 Marian appendix contained troper-proser E-TO 135 (c. 1228–1264). By comparing narration miracle sequences this appendix, we can verify existence an early incipient veneration—both ...

This article argues that it was through their common relationship to the commercial environment formed by the city that the independent lower middle classes were able to construct a collective identity. The article examines these identities first in the context of a comparison between Rome and Milan, and then within the provincial towns of Lombardy. It suggests that the concern of the petite bo...