Aortic injury (AI) leading to disruption of the aorta is an uncommon but highly lethal consequence of trauma in modern society. Most recent estimates range from 7,500 to 8,000 cases per year from a variety of causes. It is observed that more than 80% of occupants who suffer an aortic injury die at the scene due to exsanguination into the chest cavity. It is evident that effective means of subst...

This paper outlines the development of a modelling approach to measure the occupant injury severity of two vehicle crashes based on the characteristics of the conflict. A combination of statistical analysis and numerical analysis based on Newtonian Mechanics is utilised to develop this modelling framework. The Australian Crash In-Depth Study (ANCIS) database is used to estimate and validate the...

OBJECTIVE This study was designed to characterize the restraint use of children in fatal crashes and to determine factors that were related to child restraint use. METHODS Crashes in which a vehicle occupant died were selected from the 1994 Fatal Analysis Reporting System data. Restraint use of children (0-9 years) in these crashes was characterized and examined in relation to vehicle and dri...

The armoured fighting vehicle (AFV) occupant composite system is modelled as a lumped parameter system, in this paper, wherein the 4 degrees of freedom (dof) biodynamic occupant model is integrated with 10 dof inplane AFV model including the crew seat, thus leading to the 14 dof vehicle-occupant composite model and the governing equations of motion are obtained. The composite model is subjected...

This paper proposes a flexible econometric structure for injury severity analysis at the level of individual crashes that recognizes the ordinal nature of injury severity categories, allows unobserved heterogeneity in the effects of contributing factors, as well as accommodates spatial dependencies in the injury severity levels experienced in crashes that occur close to one another in space. Th...

Infrared-reflective (IRR) treatment of automotive glass has been shown to reduce air temperature in vehicle cabins, thereby increasing fuel economy and occupant comfort. Its effect on radiant heat, however, may augment these benefits. In this study, the hypothesis that radiant heat affects subjective comfort ratings in a vehicle was tested. IRR films were systematically applied to the driver-si...

Recent epidemiological studies have identified ambulances as high risk passenger transport vehicles, particularly the rear compartment. It appears in the absence of USA ambulance safety standards or guidelines, non engineer end-users are driving changes in practice and policy in place of independent peer reviewed biomechanical and crash injury outcome data. This study’s objective is to compare ...

A better understanding of the risk involved in riding different sizes and types of motor vehicles is required to make informed decisions regarding a reasonable level of protection for wheelchair riders. Wheelchair rider accident information that can be used to estimate risk is quite limited. This paper reviewed the resources available, including the National Electronic Injury Surveillance Syste...

INTRODUCTION Longitudinal barriers, such as guardrails, are designed to prevent a vehicle that leaves the roadway from impacting a more dangerous object while minimizing the risk of injury to the vehicle occupants. Current full-scale test procedures for these devices do not consider the effect of occupant restraints such as seatbelts and airbags. The purpose of this study was to determine the e...

This paper proposes a 2D dynamical model for evaluating parameters affecting whiplash. In fact a four segment dynamical model is developed in the sagittal plane for the analysis. The model response is validated using the existing experimental data and is shown to simulate the "S-Shape" and "initial upward ramping" kinematics of the cervical spine and the resulting dynamics observed in human and...