Long-term measurements of ecological effects of warming are often not statistically significant because of annual variability or signal noise. These are reduced in indicators that filter or reduce the noise around the signal and allow effects of climate warming to emerge. In this way, certain indicators act as medium pass filters integrating the signal over years-to-decades. In the Alaskan Arct...

The great Pacific groups of atolls are such archipelagoes as the Tuamotus, Carolines, Marshalls, Gilberts, the Phoenix-Ellice group, and those scattered clusters and individual islands collectively termed the Pacific Equatorial or Line Islands. The observations forming the basis of this paper were made on visits to all these groups, except the Phoenix-Ellice and Gilberts, as well as to the Aust...

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief and Author. Data processing errors have resulted in misleading conclusions. The scientific community in King Saud University has serious concerns regarding the results and the article will be res...

The green tract of land is one of the significant factors for urban planning and urban management to improve and conserve the urban environment. Planning the green tracts is often carried out as a part of land use strategy based on relation to neighborhood, their scale, functions, and locational condition. On the other hand, a vegetation-covered area is a considerable focus of investigation for...

Quality of life in urban environments is closely related to vegetation cover. The Urban growth and its related environmental problems, planners are forced to implement policies to improve the quality of urban environment. Thus, vegetation mapping for planning and managing urban is critical. Given the spectral complexity of the urban environment and the sparse vegetation in these areas, to gener...

The assessment of relationships between satellite-derived vegetation indices and meteorological drought improves our understanding of how these indices respond to climatic changes. The combination of climate data and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) product of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact of d...

This chapter reviews the way in which 3D plant and canopy models have been used in the field of remote sensing. The focus of the chapter is on remote sensing of crops at microwave and optical wavelengths, although other applications are discussed. A brief review of remote sensing of crops is presented, followed by an evaluation of the motivation for using various types of 3D models with remotes...

Human activities, particularly agriculture, have transformed much of the world's terrestrial environment. Within these anthropogenic landscapes, a variety of relictual and semi-natural habitats exist, which we term countryside elements. The habitat value of countryside elements (hereafter termed 'elements') is increasingly recognised. We quantify the relative value of four kinds of such 'elemen...

The provenance of observations from a Sensor Web enabled remote sensing application represents a great challenge. There are currently no representations or tracking methods. We propose a provenance method that represents and tracks remote sensing observations in the Sensor Web enabled environment. The representation can be divided into the description model, encoding method, and service impleme...

allen P10lern (samt den Exilanten auf Z10) – f ¨ ur alle Hilfsbereitschaft und die entspannte und freundschaftliche Zusammenarbeit (und die dazugehörigen Kaffeepausen) meiner Familie – f ¨ ur die uneingeschränkte Unterstützung in allen Lebenslagen