assessment of compensation for the reduction in the value of the currency in case of the financial dowry is the issues that were not previously. the creation of credit money and their value redution caused that compensation for the value of money be considered as a means to preserve the value of money in financial liabilities arise such as dowry. in this regard, there was an waver to article 10...

This paper posits a notion of the value of an individual’s human capital and the associated return on human capital. These concepts are examined using U.S. data on male earnings and financial asset returns. We find that (1) the value of human capital is far below the value implied by discounting earnings at the risk-free rate, (2) mean human capital returns exceed stock returns early in life an...

In this paper we utilize the main findings from the recent literature to set the economic foundation for the existence of money, its modern interpretation as “memory” (Chokerlakota 1998) and how the Blockchain technology has empowered crypto currencies to perform this role in the information age.  To locate the issue in a historical perspective and in line with this strand of thought, we consid...

electronic money that defined as stored-value on an electronic device and at present time is last phase of gradual evolution of money, is described as process of immaterialization and being invisibility of money. it is new phenomenon that in economic view has potential for play the roles of money and its functions. for analysis of legal nature of this phenomenon two approaches can be adopted. f...

Vendor managed inventory (VMI) is an integrated approach for buyer–vendor coordination, according to which the vendor (supplier or manufacturer) decides on the appropriate buyer’s (retailer’s) inventory levels. The time value of money has not traditionally been considered in evaluating VMI supply chain’s total inventory cost in any studies up to now. Therefore, in the present study a new model ...

Plant sterol (PS)-supplemented foods are recommended to help in lowering serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). Few studies have examined the efficacy of PS-enriched skimmed milk (SM) or semi-SM enriched with vegetable fat (PS-VFM). There is also insufficient information on factors predictive of LDL-C responses to PS. We examined the effects of PS-SM (0·1 % dairy fat) and PS-VFM (0·1 % dairy fat plus 1...