The twist–bend nematic (NTB) phase is a liquid crystal (LC) with heliconical structure that typically forms below the temperature of conventional (N) phase. By contrast, direct transition between NTB and isotropic (Iso) phases without intermediation N rarely occurs. Herein, we demonstrate effects linkage type (i.e., methylene, ether, thioether) on typical Iso–N–NTB rare Iso–NTB phase-transition...

Alcaligenes denitrificans NTB-1, previously isolated on 4-chlorobenzoate, also utilized 4-bromo-, 4-iodo-, and 2,4-dichlorobenzoate but not 4-fluorobenzoate as a sole carbon and energy source. During growth, stoichiometric amounts of halide were released. Experiments with whole cells and cell extracts revealed that 4-bromo- and 4-iodobenzoate were metabolized like 4-chlorobenzoate, involving an...

Natural Killer (NK) cells are critical in the defense against viruses in general and against influenza in particular. We previously demonstrated that the activating NK cell receptor NKp46 is involved in the killing of influenza-virus infected cells through its interaction with viral hemagglutinin (HA). Furthermore, the recognition by NKp46 and consequent elimination of influenza infected cells ...

BACKGROUND The immune response to tuberculosis (TB) is T cell dependent. T cells are the major facilitators of protection and effector functions with CD4+ T cells being the most important players, followed by CD8+ T cells. The common γ-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 play a vital role in peripheral T cell growth and survival. However, the role of common γ-chain cytokines in pulmona...

Our past microdialysis studies in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of changes in dopamine concentrations in response to changes in food intake [characterized as feeding pattern (changes in meal number and size)] in anorexia of cancer show abnormal presynaptic dopaminergic neurotransmission. To determine postsynaptic receptor status, studies were done i...

For an outside innovator with a finite number of buyers the innovation, this paper compares two licensing schemes: (i) fixed fee, in which licensee pays fee to and (ii) ad valorem profit royalty, leaves fraction its innovator. We show these schemes are equivalent that for any licenses puts sale, give same revenue. obtain equivalence result general model minimal structure. It is then applied Cou...