Physicians are often asked to be "gatekeepers," determining their patients' access to medical therapies and technologies. At the same time, most physicians have been taught that they should act as patient advocates, pursuing patients' best interests regardless of cost. This paper reviews moral arguments ethicists have made for and against "bedside rationing." It argues that healthcare rationing...

Despite a growing global commitment to the provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART), its availability is still likely to be less than the need. This imbalance raises ethical dilemmas about who should be granted access to publicly-subsidized ART programmes. This paper reviews the eligibility and targeting criteria used in four case-study countries at different points in the scale-up of ART, wit...

Rapid population growth in developing cities often outpaces improvements to drinking water supplies, and sub-Saharan Africa as a region has the highest percentage of urban population without piped water access, a figure that continues to grow. Accra, Ghana, implements a rationing system to distribute limited piped water resources within the city, and privately-vended sachet water-sealed single-...

Using a dynamic model of a step-by-step innovation race between financially constrained firms, I study how financial constraints affect innovation activity. The novel theoretical results derive from an analysis of the interaction between the incentive effect of competition on innovation and the effect competition has on the degree of credit rationing. I find that the negative effect of financia...

What does it mean to be a ‘‘just’’ and ‘‘caring’’ society when we have only limited resources to meet virtually unlimited health care needs? In Just Caring. Health Care Rationing and Democratic Deliberation Leonard Fleck identifies health care rationing as the moral problem of contemporary health care. At present, millions of Americans go without health insurance, thousands of whom die prematur...

The paper revisits Stiglitz and Weiss (1981)’ seminal Credit Rationing result in more detail. It has often been argued that rationing is irrelevant since a) it only pertains to specific assumptions about the quality of investment projects and b) it is eliminated by offering screening contracts to borrowers. The paper argues the opposite. It shows that Credit Rationing holds for a wide range of ...

BACKGROUND Vulnerable women are prone to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) due to their special conditions and poor knowledge about these diseases in the society. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the vulnerable women's self-care needs in knowledge, attitude and practice concerning STD. METHODS This is a cross-sectional-descriptive study conducted in 2014. The data collection ...

0094-1190/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Inc. A doi:10.1016/j.jue.2011.11.003 ⇑ Corresponding author. Fax: +1 202 939 3460. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (E. (S.M. Olmstead). Rather than allowing urban water prices to reflect scarcity rents during periods of drought-induced excess demand, policy makers have mandated command-and-control approaches, primarily rationing the use of ...