Retinal vessels are the only blood vessels that can be viewed directly, in vivo, repetitively and non-invasively. Retinal vessel caliber is influenced by physiological (age, sex, race, blood pressure, blood glucose, body mass index) and pathological (atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, smoking) determinants. There are studies on large population groups that demonstrate the associations between retin...

background: childhood masturbation (cm) is considered a variant of normal sexual behavior; however, it is commonly misdiagnosed as epilepsy and movement disorders. as the first study from iran, we analyzed a large population of infants and children with cm in a case-control study and evaluated the value of mucus in urine analysis as an alternative diagnostic tool for cm. methods: a total of 623...

Introduction In Caliber persistent labial artery (CPLA) can be defined as a vascular anomaly, which consists in the absence of distal tapering and branching of an artery when it penetrates in the submucosal tissue. The term “Caliber Persistent Artery” was first coiled by Voth [1] in 1962, and resembles the well-known gastric Dieulafoy [2] lesion. It was not until 1962 that Howell [3] described ...

The objective of this research was to investigate the degree to which automobile doors (especially police cruiser doors) may be used as protection by police officers when under handgun attack. This is a vital question, since the cruiser door is often the only defense a police officer has when encountering gunfire. Data were collected on door penetration capabilities of 3 calibers of handguns (s...

Retinal vascular caliber provides information about the structure and health of the microvascular system and is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Compared to European Americans, African Americans tend to have wider retinal arteriolar and venular caliber, even after controlling for cardiovascular risk factors. This has suggested the hypothesis that differences in genet...

Birth Factors and Retinal Vascular Caliber in a Twin Study To the Editor: I read with interest the data from the Twins Eye Study in Tasmania demonstrating associations between birth factors and retinal vascular caliber.1 From these findings, the authors suggest that fetal growth may have adverse influence on the microcirculation. Low growth parameters at birth may not be specific and sensitive ...

Recent studies reported an association between smaller birth size and narrower retinal vascular caliber, but it remains unclear whether this association is attributed to confounding by shared environment or genetic factors. At a mean age of 9.3 years, 266 twins (49 monozygotic and 84 dizygotic pairs) in the Twins Eye Study in Tasmania underwent an ophthalmic examination including retinal photog...

BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity are thought to significantly influence a person's risk of cardiovascular disease, possibly via its effect on the microvasculature. Retinal vascular caliber is a surrogate marker of microvascular disease and a predictor of cardiovascular events. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the association between body mass index (BMI) and...

PURPOSE To describe the changes in retinal vascular caliber in response to a single injection of intravitreal triamcinolone (IVTA) in patients with refractory diabetic macular edema. METHODS Prospective data from a randomized clinical trial were used. The effects of IVTA versus sham injections in patients with refractory diabetic macular edema were evaluated in a randomized clinical trial inv...