The rapid increase in primary enrollment seen in many developing countries might further worsen the poor schooling quality often found in these countries. I estimate the effect of enrollment growth following the removal of primary school fees in Tanzania and find that it led to sizeable increases in the pupil-teacher ratio and a reduction in observable teacher quality, but rule out a substantia...

This long-lasting point in his life due to economic developments, social and cultural development of the Industrial Revolution, the foundation has been transformed. Today, the need for rehabilitation and restoration of these islands what the city increases, the need to develop a coherent and logical connection between the old and new areas to preserve and enhance the integrity and identity of...

In this paper, a novel approach based on edge line segments and texture is presented for urban change detection. First, we extract edge line segments based on Canny edge detector and line-support regions based on gradient orientation, Then changed edge line segments are found and grouped into clusters as potential changed regions which are finally validated using the difference of pixels and te...

Procedural textures have significant advantages over image textures. Procedural textures are compact, are resolution and size independent, often remove the need for a texture parameterization, can easily be parameterized and edited, and allow high quality antialiasing. However, creating procedural textures is more difficult than creating image textures. Creating procedural textures typically in...

Three dimensional building models have become important during the past years for various applications like urban planning, enhanced navigation or visualization of touristic or historic objects. 3D-models can increase the understanding and explanation of complex urban scenarios and support decision processes. A 3D-model of the urban environment gives the possibility for simulation and rehearsal...