We present lot-sizing heuristics that are both e cient and stable for the dynamic lot-sizing problem(DLSP) with constant or variable unit costs, including setup, inventory holding and production costs. These heuristics are myopic variants of the forward Wagner-Whitin algorithm with rolling horizons. Large scale computational experiments show that these heuristics considerably outperform other w...

Economic evaluation of health technologies is routinely applied in the English NHS to assess whether new technologies represent a cost-effective use of health care resources. The current health technology assessment (HTA) process, as implemented by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), considers in its assessment all future health benefits following treatment, whether th...

OBJECTIVE The study objective is to measure, analyse costs of scaling up HIV prevention for high-risk groups in India, in order to assist the design of future HIV prevention programmes in South Asia and beyond. DESIGN Prospective costing study. METHODS This study is one of the most comprehensive studies of the costs of HIV prevention for high-risk groups to date in both its scope and size. ...

OBJECTIVE Infections in intensive care units are often associated with a high morbidity and mortality in addition to high costs. An analysis of these aspects can assist in optimizing the allocation of relevant financial resources. METHODS This retrospective study analyzed the hospital administration and quality in intensive care medical databases [Sistema de Gestão Hospitalar (SGH)] and RM Ja...

many reports that appeared during the last 20 years have shown that atmospheric pollution causes serious damage to human health and to environment. electricity generation from fuel fossil is one of the major sources of pollution and considerable share of this damage. the price of electricity in iran, as in many other countries also, includes only the production of private costs and ignores any ...

OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency of warfarin use, the achieved international normalised ratio (INR) balance among warfarin users and the primary healthcare outpatient costs of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). DESIGN Retrospective, non-interventional registry study. SETTING Primary healthcare. PARTICIPANTS All patients with AF (n=2746) treated in one Finnish health centre between O...

The cost absorbs all the expenses of production for a company at a certain level of the activity. For eliminating the influence of the fixed costs’s absorbtion and for a better supervision of other causes of digressions, the managers can apply the method of rational imputation of the fixed costs. The managers should, in some cases, take into consideration the total costs and not the unit costs....

The U.S. SO2 Trading Program created by Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment led to lower compliance costs than what would have occurred under a Command-and-Control approach. However, all compliance cost savings were not realized. There have been several conjectures, including rigidities from fuel contracts, as to why the hypothetical outcome was not obtained. Kneifel (2008) shows how f...

In 2017, an estimated 85% of Medicare Part D regional prescription drug plans will offer preferred pharmacy networks (Fein, 2016). Prescription plans other than Medicare Part D have also been moving to preferred networks. A preferred pharmacy network offers patients a choice of pharmacies but provides financial incentives to use a preferred pharmacy. It is not clear whether the plans choose pre...