The histological scale is the preferred level for a large number of anatomical, pathological, pharmacological, immunochemical, and molecular studies. However, neurophysiological studies are mostly performed at the cellular/molecular or systems levels. The former describes the biology of the nerve cells and their synapses considering the genetic and signaling paths that underlie neural function ...

A painful syndrome characterized by pain, heat and redness of the extremities has received at least two different names: erythromelalgia and erythermalgia. The term 'erythromelalgia', which is derived from the 3 Greek words erythros (red), melon (extremities) and algos (pain) was first proposed by Mitchell in 1878 [15] to indicate red, painful extremities. Mitchell was not entirely certain abou...

Despite nearly two decades of research on mirror neurons, there is still much debate about what they do. The most enduring hypothesis is that they enable 'action understanding'. However, recent critical reviews have failed to find compelling evidence in favour of this view. Instead, these authors argue that mirror neurons are produced by associative learning and therefore that they cannot contr...

In a traditional information retrieval system, it is assumed that queries can be posed about any topic. In reality, a large fraction of web queries are posed about a relatively small number of topics, like products, entertainment, current events, and so on. One way of exploiting this sort of regularity in web search is to build, from the information found on the web, comprehensive databases abo...

The aim of this paper is to assist researchers in understanding the dynamics of simulation models that have been implemented and can be run in a computer, i.e. computer models. To do that, we start by explaining (a) that computer models are just input-output functions, (b) that every computer model can be re-implemented in many different formalisms (in particular in most programming languages),...

The software industry needs well trained software designers and one important aspect of software design is the ability to model software designs visually and understand what visual models represent. However, previous research indicates that software design is a difficult task to many students. This paper reports empirical findings from a phenomenographic investigation on how students understand...

From its beginnings, artificial intelligence has borrowed freely from the vocabulary of psychology. The use of the word "intelligence" to label our area of research is a case in point. Other terms referring originally to human mental processes that have considerable currency in Al are "thinking," "comprehending," and, with increasing frequency in the past five years, "understanding." In fact, t...

In the field of law, decisions in previous cases often play a significant role in the presentation and outcome of new cases. Lawyers are constantly recalling old cases to aid them in preparing their own briefs. How do lawyers remember cases? What are the features they use to organize and retrieve past decisions? How do lawyers learn which features are important? To address these Questions we ar...

What does it mean to understand a physics equation? The use of formal expressions in physics is not just a matter of the rigorous and routinized application of principles, followed by the formal manipulation of expressions to obtain an answer. Rather, successful students learn to understand what equations say in a fundamental sense; they have a feel for expressions, and this guides their work. ...