Hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) composed of a battery and ultracapacitor (UC) provide feasible solution to the economy electric vehicles (EVs). To fully exploit potential HESSs, power distribution strategy that can split between UC in HESSs plays an important role. Therefore, novel its online application are proposed this paper. First, new simple model is proposed, parameters optimized off...

With over 40% annual growth at market sales and decrease air pollution outcome, electric vehicles prove to be the evolution of transportation. However, expected range lithium battery limitations, considerably affect their adoption by consumers. In this article, hybrid energy storage systems consisting batteries ultracapacitors, are presented thoroughly. first part paper, a complete review ultra...