This research work aims to study the effect of training parameter concept and sample size in process classification by using a fuzzy Possibilistic c-Means (PCM) approach for Pigeon Pea specific crop mapping. For class extraction, “mean” data is considered as algorithm. In this study, we proposed an “Individual Sample Mean” (ISM) where individual accounted mean PCM classifier. order avoid spectr...

Agriculture encroachment over alpine pastoral land is posing serious threats to the sustainable use of natural resources and agro-pastoral systems in upland environment. This study aimed understand scenario agriculture within a management context Northern Pakistan’s uplands (Buhrawai). Both quantitative qualitative methodological approaches were used for primary data collection on pattern cropl...

Pigeon Pea seeds (Cajanus cajan) were produced into three different flour samples; full fat, defatted and protein isolate. They were subjected to proximate analysis and determination of some functional properties. Proximate composition was carried out on moisture content, protein content, fat content, carbohydrate, ash content and crude fibre content. The proximate analysis (%) shoed that prote...

background and objectivesintercropping or simultaneous growing of two or more crops on the same piece of land has the potential of enhanced ecosystem productivity. in a cereal-legume intercropping system, an increase in cereal and a decrease in legume intercrop yield is reported. several indices such as land equivalent ratio (ler), relative crowding coefficient (k), competitive ratio (cr), aggr...

Riparian forests can provide an important service for aquatic ecosystems by sequestering hillslopederived sediments. However, the width of a riparian buffer zone required to filter sediments is not yet wellunderstood. Here are used two complementary tracers to measure sediment retention. The 137Cs technique and the soil carbon isotopic ratios (delta13C) are utilized to investigate sediment depo...

Dry land farming in India accounts for 63% of the cultivated land of 144 million hectares. The crop production on these lands is dependent entirely on the natural precipitation, which is highly erratic in terms of spatial and temporal distribution during the crop-growing season. To address these problems, Government of India has accorded high priority to watershed approach for development of ra...