The pathogenesis, virus shedding, and serologic response in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens and commercial turkeys against H4, H6, and H9 type low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAI) from wild birds was examined. Four-week-old chickens and three-week-old turkeys were given 1 x 10(6) EID50 of LPAI per bird, intrachoanally, and examined for clinical signs for 3 wk. Oropharyngeal and c...

rapeseed is the most widely used oil crop in europe and it is an ideal raw material for the production of biodiesel. because of a high nutritional value and a relatively high omega-3 fatty acids content, rapeseed cake can be used in poultry nutrition for the enrichment of meat and eggs. therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the possibility of using rapeseed cake in diets for turkeys...

ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ort) is a respiratory pathogen which has been isolated throughout the world from numerous bird species. the present study was designed to isolate and characterize the ort from domestic turkeys, quails and pigeons. for this purpose, 250 samples from each bird species (turkey, quail and pigeon) with or without respiratory signs were tested by taking of tracheal...

OBJECTIVE The study was performed to analyze structural changes of the turkey pineal during the post-hatching development. MATERIAL AND METHODS The pineals were collected from male turkeys at the age of 1 day, 2, 8, 22, 56 weeks and subjected to histological investigations including morphometrical analyses. The pinealocytes were identified immunohistochemically using antiserum against hydroxy...

following experimental inoculation of 3-week-old turkeys with different titres (106, 104, 103, 102 and 101 egg infectious dose (eid50)) of a/ostrich/italy/984/2000 h7n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv), the selected tissues and organs were examined for pathological changes. tissue samples from different organs that obtained from dead and sacrificed birds were fixed in 10% neutral...

Evaluation of reference genes for expression studies in chickens and turkeys is very much limited and unavailable for various infectious models. In this study, eight candidate reference genes HMBS, HPRT1, TBP, VIM, TFRC, RPLP0, RPL13 and RPS7 were evaluated by five different algorithms (GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper©, delta CT, RefFinder) to assess their stability. In order to analyze a broad ...

Large groups of poultry, including ducks and turkeys, are killed for disease control purposes with CO2. In this study, we examined the physiological reaction of White Pekin ducks and turkeys to increasing CO2 concentrations. Additionally, we examined the suitability of killing both species with increasing CO2 concentrations. Blood gas values showed similar reaction patterns for both species: a ...

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses cause viraemia and systemic infections with virus replication in internal organs and muscles; in contrast, low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses produce mild infections with low mortality rates and local virus replication. There is little available information on the ability of LPAI viruses to cause viraemia or on the presence of avian...

The mycotoxin, aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is a hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, and mutagenic contaminant of food and animal feeds. In poultry, AFB₁ can be maternally transferred to embryonated eggs, affecting development, viability and performance after hatch. Domesticated turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are especially sensitive to aflatoxicosis, while Eastern wild turkeys (M. g. silvestris) are likely more r...

The effect of high dietary intakes of vitamin E on antibody production was investigated in chicks and turkeys. Chicks were fed four diets with 0, 10, 30, and 150 mg/kg added vitamin E and turkeys were fed three diets with 0, 50, and 150 mg/kg added vitamin E. Antibodies produced in response to naturally occurring Escherichia coli and to Newcastle disease virus and turkey pox vaccines were deter...