The tumor microenvironment, or stroma, is known to contribute to tumor progression. Two recent studies have shown that the stromal protein matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 has a role in the early stages of tumor growth and angiogenesis.

Background: Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer in Iran. Impaired immune responses occur frequently in cancer patients, but the mechanisms of the induced immune defects remain poorly understood. It is believed that infiltrated immune cells, especially macrophages, may provide help for tumor cell growth and metastasis.   Objective: To analyze the status of tumor as...

Background: Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor, and early detection of tumors is important in the treatment planning for the patient. The precise segmentation of the tumor and intratumoral areas on the MRI by a radiologist is the first step in the diagnosis, which, in addition to the consuming time, can also receive different diagnoses from different physicians. The aim of this study...

AIM OF THE STUDY Aim of the study was to assess statistical differences of serum levels of HE4 and CA125 between certain endometrial cancer stages, grading and histological types. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective study of 52 patients admitted to our clinic for a surgical operation because of endometrial cancer was performed. HE4 and CA125 were measured for each patient. The staging was do...

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family members are secreted multifunctional cytokines that play pivotal roles in development and disease. The prototypic member of this family, TGF-beta, plays a dual role in carcinogenesis, acting as a tumor suppressor in early stages and as tumor promoter in late stages of tumor progression. Numerous studies support the notion that pathological angio...

metallothionein (mt) manifests varying expression levels in carcinomas, and they may be considered as valuable cell cancerization biomarkers for diagnosis of patients with cancers. a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate comprehensively the mt expression difference in various benign tumors and malignant tumors, which compared the high with low mt expression levels in patients of the available...

Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) acts as a tumor suppressor at early stages of carcinogenesis, however, it has also been suggested to promote tumor progression at late stages. To determine at which stage and by what mechanisms this functional switch occurs, we have generated gene-switch-TGF-beta1 mice in which TGF-beta1 transgene expression can be induced in skin tumors at specific ...

Transforming growth factor 1 (TGF1) acts as a tumor suppressor at early stages of carcinogenesis, however, it has also been suggested to promote tumor progression at late stages. To determine at which stage and by what mechanisms this functional switch occurs, we have generated gene-switch-TGF1 mice in which TGF1 transgene expression can be induced in skin tumors at specific stages. These mice ...