Texts contained on magazine covers, both visual and typographical, appears through rigid editorial process is presented with a specific purpose. However, signs cover may be interpreted differently, according to the reader’s references. Therefore, this study focuses interpreting meaning in cover. Researcher argue that The Economist trying warn about development of President Vladimir Putin’s gove...

Even efficient financial markets may break down under periods of prolonged stress, especially when the ramification an event is unclear. Political violence such event, sending immediate signals about possible impact on firm valuations but unclear information future viability existing institutions. This paper examines effect political in 19th century Russia its stock market; using a battery unit...

In Russia, the tradition of visual representation royal family in form dynastic trees was established under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, second sovereign Romanov dynasty. Unlike similar Western European images, compositions Russian do not include female persons, including wives. There are just four exceptions when spouses Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya and Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, represente...

The article deals with the basic principles of local (zemstvo) medicine, which was established in 60-90 years 19th century as a result “Great Reforms” by Tsar Alexander II and consequently activity self-government institutions (zemstvos). main aims, methods directions zemstvo medicine are researched. author concludes that experience is still relevant for contemporary Russian medicine. process e...