Five leading Phase 2 Profile 2 eSTREAM candidates have been implemented in hardware, targeting two main semiconductor technologies, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). An old GSM encryption algorithm A5/1 has been included in the study as well. All six ciphers have been analyzed from the point of view of the hardware efficiency, and two h...

A growing number of connected objects, with their high performance and low-resources constraints, are embedding lightweight ciphers for protecting the confidentiality of the data they manipulate or store. Since those objects are easily accessible, they are prone to a whole range of physical attacks, one of which are fault attacks against for which countermeasures are usually expensive to implem...

We generalise the cube attack of Dinur and Shamir (and the similar AIDA attack of Vielhaber) to a more general higher order differentiation attack, by summing over an arbitrary subspace of the space of initialisation vectors. The Moebius transform can be used for efficiently examining all the subspaces of a big space, similar to the method used by Fouque and Vannet for the usual cube attack. Se...

Time-memory-data (TMD) tradeoff attacks limit the security level of many classical stream ciphers (like E0, A5/1, Trivium, Grain) to 2 n, where n denotes the inner state length of the underlying keystream generator. In this paper, we present Lizard, a lightweight stream cipher for power-constrained devices like passive RFID tags. Its hardware efficiency results from combining a Grain-like desig...

PURPOSE This study aimed to establish a standardized evaluation of the consistency and reliability results 2018 Buenos Aires Youth Olympics.METHODS The preliminary final rounds individual Boys Girls competition Olympics were collected. Data organized using Microsoft Windows Excel 2021. SPSS 26.0 was used for descriptive statistics. Intraclass correlation coefficient calculation analyze score. w...

Bivium is a simplified version of Trivium, a hardware profile finalist of the eSTREAM project. Bivium has an internal state size of 177 bits and a key length of 80 bits. In this paper, a guess and determine attack on this cipher is introduced. In the proposed method, the best linear approximations for the updating functions are first defined. Then by using these calculated approximations, a sys...

To flourish in the new data-intensive environment of 21st century science, we need to evolve new skills. These can be expressed in terms of the systemized framework that formed the basis of mediaeval education – the trivium (logic, grammar, and rhetoric) and quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy). However, rather than focusing on number, data is the new keystone. We need to und...

In this paper we present a rather new approach to apply mixed-integer optimization to the cryptanalysis of cryptographic primitives. We focus on the stream cipher Trivium, that has been recommended by the eSTREAM stream cipher project, and the lightweight block cipher Ktantan. Using these examples we explain how the problem of solving a non-linear multivariate Boolean equation system can be for...