Atrial Fibrillation and Other Clinical Manifestations of Altered TBX5 Dosage in Typical Holt–Oram Syndrome To the editor: We were pleased to read the recent study in Circulation Research by Postma et al1 that describes an activation mutation in TBX5 that causes Holt–Oram syndrome. These exciting findings validate prior studies (reviewed elsewhere2) showing that cytogenetic abnormalities that pr...

Motor nerve conduction is a noninvasive clinical test used to diagnose nerve problems such as carpal tunnel syndrome or peripheral neuropathy. Current techniques use a single-site recording over a superficial muscle. This traditional approach does not account for the electrical contributions from the other muscles innervated by the nerve being stimulated, which need to be considered with thumb ...

To the Editor : Cranioectodermal dysplasia (CED, Sensenbrenner syndrome, OMIM 218330) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy characterized by craniosynostosis, dolichocephaly, narrow chest, sparse hair, epicanthal folds, microdontia, brachydactyly, joint laxity, ophthalmological problems (nystagmus, myopia, and retinal dystrophy), nephronophthisis and cystic liver disease. CED is a geneticall...

Thumb CMCJ arthritis is a commonly encountered condition. A wide variety of surgical interventions are advocated to those who failed conservative measures. They include ligament reconstruction, osteotomy, resection arthroplasty, suspension arthroplasty, arthrodesis, prosthetic replacement, joint denervation and etc. They are tailored to different radiographic stages of disease, patient’s demand...

T he human metanephros is the direct precursor of the mature kidney: It begins to form in the fifth gestational week, when ureteric bud branches from the mesonephric duct; thereafter, renal mesenchyme condenses around the advancing bud and forms nephrons while the bud itself forms the ureter and collecting ducts. Perturbation of these events underlies the spectrum of disorders called congenital...

Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Toronto, St Joseph’s Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario Correspondence: Dr Kyle Wanzel, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St Joseph’s Health Centre, Suite 707, 1243 Islington Avenue, Etobicoke, Ontario M8X 1Y9. Telephone 416 236-2571, fax 416-236-4591, e-mail [email protected] Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint injuries and d...

The amateur astronomy community has a long tradition of performing routine visual observations of the planets with small telescopes, but in the last decade, CCD imaging has largely replaced visual observing as the primary method of recording planetary detail. Low cost 24bit color CCD video conferencing cameras (webcams) coupled to amateur telescopes (typically 0.2-0.3m aperture) have become pow...

“Optimal fiscal and monetary policy with commitment” is a policy of choosing taxes and transfers or monetary instruments to maximize social welfare. “Commitment” refers to ability of a policymaker to make binding policy choices. Optimal fiscal policy under commitment Ramsey approach to the optimal taxation “Ramsey approach to optimal taxation” is a solution to the problem of choosing optimal ta...