ound-trip translation (RTT), otherwise known as reverse translation or back-and-forth translation, involves the translation of text from one language to another (the forward translation or FT) and back again (the back translation or BT), e.g., a paragraph written in English can be translated to Spanish, and then, the resulting Spanish text can be translated back to English again. RTT has been u...

In this paper we first considered a maximum likelihood estimation of trip distribution problem and next use primal-dual geometric programming method the said trip distribution problem converted into an entropy maximization trip distribution problem. Here the generalized cost function is assumed in different form, and then the said formulation is equivalent to single or multi-objective entropy m...

We propose new probabilistic models for the spatial distribution of supply and demand and use the models to determine how the trip length distribution is affected by the relative shortage or excess of supply, the spatial clustering of supply and demand, and the degree of attraction or repulsion between supply and demand at different spatial scales. The models have a multiplicative structure and...

Low-temperature plastic flow in TRIP steels has been found to be controlled by stress-assisted isothermal martensitic transformation. For these conditions, the thermodynamics and kinetic theory of martensitic transformations leads directly to constitutive relations predicting the dependence of flow stress on temperature, strain, strain-rate, and stress-state, consistent with the observed behavi...

This paper explores interoperability for data represented using the Graph Annotation Framework (GrAF) (Ide and Suderman, 2007) and the data formats utilized by two general-purpose annotation systems: the General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) (Cunningham, 2002) and the Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA). GrAF is intended to serve as a “pivot” to enable interoperab...

The dynamics of the low-lying excited states of vanadyl octaethylporphyrin (OEPVO) in frozen solution is investigated by transient electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR). The observation of spin-polarized TREPR spectra from the lowest excited trip-quartet state of OEPVO, reported in the preceding paper, opens a new avenue for investigation of the excited states of such molecules. Here, a model...

The growing resistance against antifungal agents has renewed the search for alternative treatment modalities, and antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a potential candidate. The cationic porphyrin 5-phenyl-10,15,20-Tris(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin chloride (TriP[4]) is a photosensitizer that in combination with light can inactivate bacteria, fungi, and viruses. For future improveme...

The primary objective of the National Airspace System (NAS) is the transportation of passengers and cargo. It is no surprise, therefore, that passenger trip time performance is positively correlated with passenger satisfaction, airfare elasticity, and airline profits. Regulatory consumer information available to airline passengers provides measures of trip performance using only flight data (an...

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are N-glycosidases that remove a specific adenine from the sarcin/ricin loop of the large rRNA, thus arresting protein synthesis at the translocation step. In the present study, a protein termed tobacco RIP (TRIP) was isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves and purified using ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography in combination with yeast ...