the aim of the present study was to determine psychometric properties of the persian version of the group conflict questionnaire in male and female athletes. for this purpose, 281 athletes at different skill levels in 25 team and individual sports were selected through cluster random sampling method and were asked to complete the persian version of this questionnaire. firstly, the accuracy of t...


 Translation is considered one of the most complicated tasks for English as a foreign language (EFL) learners to undertake, achieving faultless translation requires multiple skills. To render perfect meanings between two languages, syntactic and semantic skills are necessary. However, some require even more, namely pragmatic skill, translate profound words or phrases paragraph’s lines. Th...

We investigated the acquisition of skill in balancing a stick (52 cm, 34 g) on the fingertip in nine participants using three-dimensional motion analysis. After 3.5 h of practice over 6 wk, the participants could more consistently balance the stick for longer durations with greatly reduced magnitude and speed of stick and finger movements. Irrespective of level of skill, the balanced stick beha...

While translation has become “a full-fledged craft and profession” (Király, 2003, p. 3), the research on translation pedagogy has been relatively new and largely dominated by “anecdotal evidence and case studies” (Colina, 2003, p. 29). Translation teachers and scholars are faced with various problems and challenges, such as the modes of teaching and the proper evaluation methods. It was in cons...

Learning to perform a complex motor task requires the optimization of specific behavioral features to cope with task constraints. We show that when mice learn a novel motor paradigm they differentially refine specific behavioral features. Animals trained to perform progressively faster sequences of lever presses to obtain reinforcement reduced variability in sequence frequency, but increased va...

This paper describes a multi-methodology approach used to reveal feedback dynamics operating in supply of, and demand for, skilled information and communications technology (ICT) employees. It describes how a large public service organization has had difficulty in adapting to rapid technological change, and how this has been exacerbated by employee shortages. The impacts of changing demographic...

The GMA committee for dentistry of the German Society for Medical Education (GMA) considers its' main purpose the representation and interconnection of all aspects of dentistry with and within the GMA. Teaching and assessing practical skills during training is traditionally of great importance in dental education. This is also reflected in the National Competence Based Catalogue of Learning Obj...