Because alcoholism is a multi-factorial psychiatric disorder, with both psychosocial and biochemical/genetic factors leading to its manifestation in any one individual, the presence of biochemical/ genetic factors alone may not lead to the manifestation of the disorder. There are numerous difficulties associated with identification of a trait abnormality in a disorder that requires suitable soc...

The study of nonhuman personality capitalizes on the fact that individuals of many species behave in predictable, variable, and quantifiable ways. Although a few empirical studies have examined the ultimate consequences of personality differences, there has been no synthesis of results. We conducted a formal meta-analysis of published studies reporting fitness consequences of single personality...

Hope is a crucial component of agency involving the setting of goals, visualization of obstacles, and increasing willpower in the effort of achieving a desired goal. This hope is not simply optimism and is potentially a bridge between structure and agency. Yet, the powers of hope in sociology have been greatly unexplored including the ability of collective hope to create social change. This lac...

purpose: the aim of the present study was to determine theeffectiveness of group hope therapy on the time horizon andoptimism of divorced women 25-40 years old in tehran whoreferred to a counseling center. materials and method: 30divorced women were selected randomly and were assignedat two experimental and control groups. group hope therapywas held for 8 sessions of 2 hour. group hope therapy ...