botulinum toxin produced by clostridium butolinum in one of the most fatal toxins known. botulism is the name given to condition produced by this toxin. in recent years the diluted form of this toxin has been produced in injection form and used for treatment of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm. this toxin blocks neuromuscular junction and inhibits acetylcholine release. in this article we rep...

Abstract The antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has received significant attention worldwide due to the emergence multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is a major foodborne pathogen that causes gastroenteritis may be complicated by hemorrhagic colitis or hemolytic uremic syndrome. Therefore, this study aimed evaluate antimicrobial e...

Recently we demonstrated that recombinant Cry1Ac protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is a potent systemic and mucosal immunogen. In this study we compared the adjuvant effects of Cry1Ac and cholera toxin (CT) for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The antibody responses of intestinal secretions and serum were determined by ELISA in Balb/c mice immunized thr...

ToxR is a bitopic membrane protein that controls virulence gene expression in Vibrio cholerae. Its cytoplasmic domain is homologous to the winged helix-turn-helix ('winged helix') DNA-binding/transcription activation domain found in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic regulators, whereas its periplasmic domain is of ill-defined function. Several genes in V. cholerae are regulated by ToxR, b...

The ability of fungi isolated from nails of patients suffering from onychomycosis to induce de novo production of bioactive compounds in co-culture was examined. Comparison between the metabolite profiles produced by Sarocladium strictum, by Fusarium oxysporum, and by these two species in co-culture revealed de novo induction of fusaric acid based on HRMS. Structure confirmation of this toxin, ...

The present paper deals with a toxin producing phytoplankton (TPP)-zooplankton interaction in spatial environment in thecontext of phytoplankton bloom. In the absence of diffusion the stability of the given system in terms of co-existence and hopf bifurcation has been discussed. After that TPP-zooplankton interaction is considered in spatiotemporal domain by assuming self diffusion in both popu...

Botulinum neurotoxins have a very high affinity and specificity for their target cells requiring two different co-receptors located on the neuronal cell surface. Different toxin serotypes have different protein receptors; yet, most share a common ganglioside co-receptor, GT1b. We determined the crystal structure of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A binding domain (residues 873-1297) alone and...

introduction:poisoning is a common reasons for hospitalization in all over the world and exhausts a substantial share of health resources.khoramabad is a rather large city in iran but there has been no study about incidence of poisoned patients especially grave ones who are hospitalized in icus, thus we designed this study to epidemiologicall assess these patients in two major referral centers ...

Brown spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.: Fr.) Keissl is a serious problem forproduction of tangerines and tangerine hybrids in Iran. The Tangerine pathotype causes brownspot disease on young leaves and immature fruits of limited varieties of mandarins and tangerines(Citrus. reticulata Blanco). Specificity in the interaction between tangerine and the pathogen isdetermined by a hos...

Background: T-2 mycotoxin belongs to the Trichothecene family and has damaging effects on the immune system. Objective: To investigate the toxic effect of T-2 toxin on the percentage of peripheral blood B lymphocytes and the potential protective role of selenium and vitamin E. Method: Frequencies of B lymphocytes (CD19+ ) were analyzed after injection of sublethal doses of T-2 toxin into Balb/c...