Recent advances in nonparametric functional data analysis allow to define the notion of mode for a sample of curves. A kernel-type estimator is proposed for estimating this modal curve. In addition, other centrality curves can be easily extended to the functional case, namely mean and median curves. A nonparametric unsupervised classification method which is also a cluster analysis is investiga...

II. THE SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE GLOBAL FLOAT ARRAY...........................................................4 A. THE GODAE/CLIVAR CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................... 4 B. COMBINING PROFILING FLOATS AND ALTIMETRY FOR DIAGNOSIS OF THE CLIMATE SYSTEM ................................. 5 C. ...

Microwave radiometers form an integral part of satellite altimetry. The long-term stability of the radiometer measurements is as important to the accurate determination of sea level rise as is the long-term stability of the altimeter instrument. However, the radiometer stability has been largely taken for granted. Detailed long-term study of the brightness temperatures of ERS-1, ERS-2, TOPEX/Po...

Since some time several altimeter satellites are operating simultaneously (ENVISAT, Jason-1, ERS-2, GFO, TOPEX/Poseidon). The large number of nearly simultaneous crossover events are used to estimate in a common adjustment radial error components of all altimeter missions. A discrete representation is used for the radial error components by minimizing both, crossover differences and consecutive...

[1] A merged TOPEX/POSEIDON and ERS-1/2 altimeter data set is used to estimate nonseasonal variations of sea surface height (SSH) in the Japan/East Sea (JES) from October 1992 through February 2002. The altimeter data have a good correlation (0.95) with tide gauge data in the western JES. The nonseasonal variability of the SSH is higher in the southern warm region than in the northern cold regi...

The usability of altimeter sea level data (TOPEX/POSEIDON) and scatterometer wind data (QuikSCAT) in El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction is investigated with the latest version of the Lamont forecast model. The emphasis of this study is on the effectiveness of these data sets in initializing the model to forecast the 1999–2000 La Niña conditions. Both the altimeter and scatte...