Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of conserved receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present in microbes. In humans, at least ten TLRs have been identified, and their recognition targets range from bacterial endotoxins to lipopeptides, DNA, dsRNA, ssRNA, fungal products, and several host factors. Of dermatological interest, these receptors are expressed on...

Breast cancer is well known leading causes of mortality in the females. Current studies have suggested that the imbalances in inflammatory and immune-associated proteins may also give rise to breast cancer and disease progression. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immune system that protect the host against bacterial and viral infection. It not only express in innate...

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma are cancers of high mortality. EAC develops through Barrett's esophagus (BE) and columnar dysplasia, preceded by gastro-esophageal reflux disease. The risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is increased by smoking and alcohol consumption. New treatment options for esophageal cancer are desperately needed. Toll-like receptors (...

Background and Objectives This study aimed to evaluate whether Toll-like receptors (TLRs) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) were expressed in the facial nerve after incurring a crush or an injury of nerve.Materials Method An adult Sprague-Dawley underwent unilateral nerve. The was incurred by cutting at midpoint between trunk its branch. whisker movement vibrissae muscle examined 4 14 days inju...

In this issue of Blood,Weller et al studied patients with rare immunodeficiencies to demonstrate a role for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in homeostasis of human CD27+IgM+IgD+B cells.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed in women globally. Although there have been many significant advances made diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, numerous unresolved challenges remain, which include prevention, early diagnosis, metastasis recurrence. The role inflammation development well established believed to be one leading hallmarks progression. Recently, inflammasome, a c...

The identification of the Drosophila melanogaster Toll pathway cascade and the subsequent characterization of TLRs have reshaped our understanding of the immune system. Ever since, Drosophila NF-κB signaling has been actively studied. In flies, the Toll receptors are essential for embryonic development and immunity. In total, nine Toll receptors are encoded in the Drosophila genome, including t...

Background: Pattern recognition receptors, especially toll-like receptors (TLRs), as the first line of defense for pathogen detection, were found to be associated with H.­ pylori infection and gastric cancer (GC). However, the expression levels of TLRs, i.e. TLR2 and TLR4, as the main receptors sensed by H.­ pylori, still remain largely ambiguous. We aimed to investigate the patterns of key tra...

Signal-transduction pathways activated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been the subject of intense investigation because of the key role played by TLRs in the recognition and elimination of microbes. Signalling is initiated by a domain termed the Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domain that occurs on the cytosolic face of TLRs. This recruits, via homotypic interactions, adapter prote...