Toll-like Receptors (TLR) are phylogenetically conserved transmembrane proteins responsible for detection of pathogens and activation of immune responses in diverse animal species. The stimulation of TLR by pathogen-derived molecules leads to the production of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines and nitric oxide. Although TLR-induced events are critical for immune induction, uncontro...

background: preeclampsia (pe) is one of the most complex and life-threatening pregnancy disorders and is considered as a major cause of mortality among mothers and fetuses worldwide. although the exact etiology of pe is not well known several lines of evidence support an immunological etiology for pe. objective: to investigate the differences in the expression of tlrs 2, 4, 5, and 6 and a group...

It is known that Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 plays an important role in myocardial infarction and atherothrombosis. The role of TLR-4 in arterial thrombosis is undefined. Both TLR-4-deficient (TLR-4(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to FeCl3 carotid artery injury, and the time required to form an occlusive thrombus was measured. The mean time to occlusion in TLR-4(-/-) mice was signif...

AIM We sought to clarify whether the expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is linked to tumor and patient characteristics, especially the presence of Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCV). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised of 128 patients with data on Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) status and clinical features were included in the study. Immunohistochemistry...

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and their receptors (TLR-2 -4) may play important roles in renal fibrosis, of which the pathogenesis is complicated. We used rat lesions induced by a single intraperitoneal injection cisplatin at 6 mg/kg body weigh; consisting tissue damage tubules on days 1 3, further regeneration with inflammation mainly 5 7, interstitial fibrosis 9, 12, 15, 20. Mi...

Natural killer (NK) cells are effector cells of the innate immune system that exert direct cytotoxic functions. Ubiquitously-expressed toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been recognized as one of the major components promoting dendritic cell (DC) maturation, which may induce polarized immune responses beneficial to cancer immunotherapy. TLR-activated NK cells and DCs are prerequisite for robust ac...

Deficient innate and adaptive immune responses cause newborn mammals to be more susceptible to bacterial infections than adult individuals. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to play a pivotal role in bacterial recognition and subsequent immune responses. Several studies have indicated that activation of certain TLRs, in particular TLR-2, can result in suppression of inflammatory pathology. I...

The aim of our studies was to investigate the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 (and in some studies TLR-5) in myofibroblasts and small and large intestinal crypt epithelial cells from control patients and those affected by Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Isolated and disaggregated crypt epithelial cells and monolayers of myofibroblasts were used for studies by reverse ...

Abstract The autoimmune disorder systemic lupus erythematosus is thought to be caused by the inefficient clearance of dying cells. This releases nucleic acid debris that stimulates type I interferon (T1 IFN) secretion. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are major source T1 IFNs, which causally linked pathogenesis. Both IFNs and pDCs thus focus intense studies for immunotherapies. serine-threon...

PURPOSE Tumor redox is an important factor for cancer progression, resistance to treatments, and a poor prognosis. The aim of the present study was to define tumor redox (over-reduction) using 62Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (62Cu-ATSM) PET and compare its prognostic potential in head and neck cancer (HNC) with that of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG). METHODS Thirty HN...