Introduction: Objective: This study aimed to assess the possible variations in root canal anatomy and topography of the apices of first and second maxillary molars. Materials and methods: A total of 67 first and second maxillary permanent molars were collected. Access cavity was prepared and 2% methylene blue was injected. The teeth were demineralized by 5% nitric acid and cleared with met...

Introduction The sacrum is a large triangular bone formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae [1]. Anatomy of sacral vertebra is complex [2]. Technically, the placement of pedicle screw into S1 vertebra is a difficult surgical procedure. Therefore it is important to know the anatomy of S1 vertebra [3]. First sacral vertebra possesses the features of typical vertebra in modified form. Thus it con...

The foramen spinosum is located in the base of skull on the sphenoid bone, structure passing through it are middle meningeal artery and vein, the nervus spinosum. Total 125 skull were used for this study. The results were foramen spinosum found as round shape in 52%, oval shape in 42% and irregular in 6%. The maximum diameter of foramen spinosum was 2.92+0.65mm and 2.12+0.45mm was minimum in ma...

Sphenopalatine artery ligation (SPL) is a surgical remedy for severe epistaxis. This procedure requires extensive knowledge of the various anatomical variants. Its topographical anatomy varies and reliable landmark such as the crista ethmoidalis may be absent. These variations are crucial and they dictate the outcome of the surgery. We present a peculiar case of a postero-superiorly located var...

Learning Objectives: After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Identify the surgical anatomy and approaches to the foramen magnum region. 2. Recall the transcondylar approach to foramen magnum meningiomas. 3. Describe the suboccipital approach to foramen magnum meningiomas. 4. Explain the postoperative care and complications related to surgical techniques offoramen magnu...

Foramen of mandible is the most important point considering the Halsted anesthesia. Position of this foramen seems to be stable, however there are lots of controversies regarded to its position. Based on the current literature authors revised datas from literature considering the location of the mandibular foramen.

AIM To determine the accuracy of locating the apical constriction using apex locators. METHODOLOGY Extracted teeth were micro-CT scanned preoperatively to localize the apical constriction. Electronic length measurements of 91 root canals were made using nine electronic apex locators (EAL) connected to a mounting model. Distances from the major foramen were recorded at each scale bar of the EA...

BACKGROUND The sphenopalatine foramen is located on the lateral nasal wall and has multiple variants and anatomic landmarks that are important to know to optimize RESULTS in the surgical management of posterior epistaxis. OBJECTIVE This study describes the endoscopic anatomy of the sphenopalatine foramen, related structures and anatomic variations in a Mexican population. METHODS We perform...

Objective The literature reports that the location of mental foramen shows differences among races. The aim of this study was to assess the mental foramen position in a sample of Lebanese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology. Materials and methods In this study, we investigated CBCT images of 50 fully dentate Lebanese adults (23 males and 27 females). We assessed t...

The location and course of the mandibular canal and multiple mental foramina are important in dental implant insertion and any surgical procedures involving the mandible. The purpose of the present investigation was to assess buccal foramen presence in the mandible using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. A total of 84 patients were enrolled in this investigation. Buccal foramen prese...