the application of a comprehensive model of communicative language ability (cla) to language teaching and testing has always been an imperative in l2 education since hymess proposal of communicative competence in the 1970s. recent l2 research has clearly underscored the importance of sufficient pragmatics representation as an essential component of cla in pedagogical and testing practices in l2...

Background and purpose : Çonsiderable controversy exists about the appropriate rate of cesarean deliveries. Çesarean section is a major surgery and is more hazardous to the mother and fetus than vaginal delivery. Ïn Ïran in 2002, 36% and in the Mazandaran province 56% of all deliveries were made by cesarean section. This study proposes to determine the effect of statewide policies on cesarean...

Introduction: Malaria has continued to be a public health problem in Bandar Abbas with a morbidity of 1093-5672 cases during last decades. Several years study on malaria cases showed differences in the disease epidemic curve in different parts of Bandar Abbas district. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the malaria situation during 1998-2002, to find the probable effective facto...

in recent years, there has been a growing interest among researchers to investigate the relationship betweenteacher self-efficacy and classroom behavior management, especially students misbehavior. therefore, this study aimed to comparatively investigate english and arabic teachers’ use of different behavior managementstrategies, their self-efficacy, and their success in an iranian context. th...

one of the most commonly used techniques to reduce the corrosion rate of rebar in concrete is addition substances named corrosion inhibitors into the concrete. corrosion inhibitor is chemical compounds that were added to concrete to prevent corrosion of steel in concrete. sodium nitrate is a type of anodic inhibitors that this study investigatesthe effect of this inhibitor on the properties of ...

Background & Aims of the Study: In recent years, groundwater resources of Seyed Gholi in Saveh area has been deteriorated because of some factors such as unconventional withdrawal in order to agricultural and industrial uses. This study has been conducted to evaluation of chemical quality and salinity origin of groundwater in this region. Materials & Methods: In order to survey on salinity ...

Introdution: In recent years, due to the HIV epidemic in Iran and the world, despite the scientific advances in drug therapy, HIV is one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. The present study was conducted with the aim of the mortality rate caused by HIV patients in Yazd during the years 2002 to 2015. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on all cases of HIV-infected pa...

 Trends in overweight, obesity, and central obesity among adults residing in district 13 of Tehran: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study  Background :  This study was conducted to examine trends of prevalence in overweight , obesity and central obesity among Tehranian adults during a 3-year period , between 1999-2002 .  Materials and methods : Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) were measured twice betwee...

 Background & Aims: Gastric cancer is one of the common gastrointestinal cancers with global incidence and one of the most common cancers in the northwestern of Iran. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastric tumors and their anatomical location using the pathologic specimens of patients have been conducted in Urmia.Materials & Methods: The study population comprised all samples s...