The phenomenon of how tests influence teaching and learning is commonly described as “wash back” in language instruction.  Literature indicates that wash back effect is a complex concept that becomes even more complicated under different interpretations of the wash back phenomenon in teaching and learning. In the present study, some definitions of wash back and its two major types were introduc...

The Third DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop was designed to provide a forum for the presentation of research results and the discussion of technical issues related to a variety of DARPA research programs in spoken language systems, speech recognition, natural language processing, and related areas. The workshop also provided an opportunity to discuss the long-term goals of these progra...

The paper aims at exploring the relationship between perceived pronunciation performance and metalinguistic awareness in the acquisition of third language phonology. The study involved 27 participants with Polish as L1, English as L2 and French as L3. In the first part of the study, third language pronunciation performance was assessed by means of online ratings involving 3 components: foreign ...

syntax which neither side know about. This scenario is illustrated in figure 5.4.