Today, environmental issues have become very important. One of these issues is related to energy consumption in residential buildings. Excessive energy consumption has led to climate change, global warming, climate pollution, and energy shortages. Tehran, as a large metropolis with a high population, is not safe from the damage of high energy consumption in buildings. The purpose of this study ...

this thesis attempts to investigate the effects of prelistening activities on enhancing iranian efl learners` listening comprehension. the present study investigated ways in which learners` background knowledge could be activated in order to enhance their l2 listening comprehension by limiting the number of possible text interpretations prior to listening. the experiments conducted in this stud...

the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between fear of negative evaluation (fne) and communication strategies (css) among iranian efl learners. it was aimed to examine the differences in the use of communication strategies between speakers with high or low degree of fear of negative evaluation. the current study was a case study consisting of 10 english learners at...

the present study aimed to investigate representation of discourse markers and metadiscourse markers in conversations and readings of general elt coursebook series used in the language centers of iran. to this aim, four elt coursebooks popularly taught in language centers of this country were analyzed based on fung and carter’s (2007) framework regarding discourse markers and hyland’s (2005) fr...

the main purpose of this study was to investigate any relationship between high school efl teachers metaphorical understandings of their role in class and their self-efficacy beliefs. teachers metaphors were elicited through two different prompts: one picturing what they believed a language teacher should be like in class, and the other demonstrating what they are actually like in class; such...

Introduction: Urban space production is a multifaceted concept that can be considered a set of processes and individual and group human actions such as decision making, participation in urban control and ownership, and participation in the production of physical space. The emphasis of different thinkers reveals the importance of power in creating urban spaces. Today, our urban spaces face many ...