Saltation is an important geological process and the primary source of atmospheric mineral dust aerosols. Unfortunately, no studies to date have been able to precisely reproduce the saltation process because of the simplified theoretical models used. For example, sand particles in most of the existing wind sand movement models are considered to be spherical, the effects of the sand shape on the...

Microbial populations often contain a fraction of slow-growing persister cells that withstand antibiotics and other stress factors. Current theoretical models predict that persistence levels should reflect a stable state in which the survival advantage of persisters under adverse conditions is balanced with the direct growth cost impaired under favourable growth conditions, caused by the nonrep...

We briefly summarize the reported anomalous effects in deuterated metals at ambient temperature, commonly known as "Cold Fusion" (CF), with an emphasis on important experiments as well as the theoretical basis for the opposition to interpreting them as cold fusion. Then we critically examine more than 25 theoretical models for CF, including unusual nuclear and exotic chemical hypotheses. We con...

Employing theoretical models, we show that the sterile insect release method (SIRM) can give rise to traveling waves of fertile insects. The velocity of these waves depends critically upon the density of sterile insects (and thus upon the rate at which sterile individuals are being released into the environment). When the sterile density is sufficiently low, the traveling wave advances, giving ...

Despite the simplicity of theoretical models of supersonically turbulent, isothermal media, their predictions successfully match the observed gas structure and star formation activity within low-pressure (P/k < 10 K cm) molecular

Using a macroscopic ensemble of highly enriched (6,5) single-wall carbon nanotubes, combined with high signal-to-noise ratio and time-dependent differential transmission spectroscopy, we have generated vibrational modes in an ultrawide spectral range (10-3000 cm(-1)). A total of 14 modes were clearly resolved and identified, including fundamental modes of A, E1, and E2 symmetries and their comb...

Stress is a concept that has received increased attention in marital research during the last decade, showing that it plays an important role in understanding the quality and stability of close relationships. Evidence suggests that stress is a threat to marital satisfaction and its longevity. Research has been based upon theoretical models of stress in close relationships, specifically family s...

Continuous monitoring of variations in blood flow is vital in assessing the status of microvascular and macrovascular beds for a wide range of clinical and research scenarios. Although a variety of techniques exist, most require complete immobilization of the subject, thereby limiting their utility to hospital or clinical settings. Those that can be rendered in wearable formats suffer from limi...

Insurmountable antagonism (maximal response to the agonist depressed) can result from a temporal inequilibrium involving a slow offset orthosteric antagonist or be the result of an allosteric modulation of the receptor. The former mechanism is operative when the antagonist, agonist, and receptors cannot come to proper equilibrium during the time allotted for collection of agonist response (hemi...

Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to produce alternative phenotypes under different conditions and represents one of the most important ways by which organisms adaptively respond to the environment. However, the relationship between phenotypic plasticity and molecular evolution remains poorly understood. We addressed this issue by investigating the evolution of genes associated with phenot...