Empress Dowager Cixi, birth mother of the Qing Dynasty Emperor Tongzhi, lived in the late 19 Century and the early 20 Century, and was the actual ruler of the Qing Dynasty from 1861 to 1908. Under her administration, her great support of Westernization during the earlier period promoted modernized revolution of Chinese society, whereas her objection to the political reform during the late perio...

Attributing the coins of the Eastern Gangas is a difficult task because the coins do not name the ruler, but only are dated in what are thought to be regnal years. Many authors in the past have tended to attribute the coins to the most prominent king of the dynasty, Anantavarman Chodaganga (1078-1147) (hereafter AC), but without any real justification. 2 In a recent paper, I proposed a method o...

Mummification salts and mummified bones were assayed for borate. In two samples of mummification salt one from Deir el-Bahari (26th Dynasty, 700Ð600 BC) and salt from the embalming material of Tutankhamen (18th Dynasty, 1370Ð1335 BC) 3.9 and 2.1 μMol borate/ gram were found, respectively. Six mummified bone fragments from the Old Kingdom contained up to 1.2 μMol/gram. It is suggested that borat...

In this paper, we are discussing the effect of the use of magnetic compasses on the orientation of ancient Chinese architectonical complexes. As Czech researchers proposed in 2011, assuming these complexes ideally oriented by the ancient architects along north-south direction, in the case that the surveys were made by means of magnetic compasses, we can find the axes of the complexes deviating ...

The emergence of the Safavid Empire in early sixteenth century marked a significant change geopolitics Middle East. This momentous coincided with widening Ottoman expansion eastward and exploration by European powers, especially Venice, possibilities forming alliances against Ottomans involvement Safavids. Thus, threat commercial interests contributed to development diplomatic, cultural, trade ...

using the analytic-historical method, this article attempts to explain the cultural policies of the first shah of the pahlavi dynasty toward women. relying on the theory of evolution and formation of national identity in iran, the article seeks to answer this question: ‘what is the impact of the cultural policies of the first shah of the pahlavi dynasty on the occurrence of identity crisis amon...