We study the formation of a ruling coalition in political environments. Each individual is endowed with a level of political power. The ruling coalition consists of a subset of the individuals in the society and decides the distribution of resources. A ruling coalition needs to contain enough powerful members to win against any alternative coalition that may challenge it, and it needs to be sel...

the person, who, on his way, encounters a fruit-bearing tree belonging to others, can eat from its fruit as much as fulfilling his need, provided that his reaching to that tree has been accidental rather than on purpose; and that he should not take away any fruit with him and damage a tree or a fruit. in this respect, the owner’s consent is not considered a sine qua non. the reason for this rul...

one of the significant discourses of principles of jurisprudence is the study of the ruling for tajarrī according to the dictate of intellect and that the uṣūlīs have been disagreed as to whether tajarrī is unlawful or not. terminologically, tajarrī is practical opposition (insolence) to the master’s command, either obligatory or unlawful according to the perpetrator’s opinion; whereas, their p...

Proposition 1: As I argued in the paper, there is no equilibrium in which the dictator uses a pure strategy and the ruling coalition conditions its decision to stage a coup on the observed signal. In any equilibrium in mixed strategies, (i) the ruling coalition stages a coup with probability βθ such that, given the correlation between his actions and the signal θ, the dictator is indifferent be...

In this article, the Turkish figure has been investigated in three stories of Naguib Mahfouz. These are Yaqaza al-mūmyā, al-Zayf and ˁAbeth aristocracy. Mahfouz published his first collection short stories, Hams al-Junūn, 1938. The that subject study included book. Presumably, he wrote these at a time when civilization pharaohs was influential on intelligentsia society. During period, interest ...