Since the Umayyads did not have a religious standing among the people and their government did not have the necessary religious and political legitimacy, they made great efforts to obtain this legitimacy among the people. They gathered poets and Hadith and Akhbar forgers in Shām and took propaganda advantages of them through giving many gifts. One of these poets was al-Akhtal, a Christian poet ...

One of the effective events of the second century inIslamichistory is the uprising of Mohammad IbnAbdollahIbn Hassan Al-Muthanna (100 – 145), a grandchild of Imam Hassan, the second Imam of Shi'ites.He started his acts for taking the caliphate of Islamic regions in the latest years of the Ommiad period. He was one of most important candidates for the caliphate. He continued his efforts even aft...

After demonstrating Ottoman Empire and attempt of Turkish emperors in order to gain caliphate and government of all Muslims, World’s political geography witnessed the demonstration of great Ottoman Empire for six months. The formation of Ottoman Empire, on one hand, was converted to the main axis of the political geography of the region, and started competing with other political power district...