Phenobarbital produces its anti-epileptic actions by increasing the inhibitory drive of γ-aminobutyric acid. However, following recurrent seizures, γ-aminobutyric acid excites neurons because of a persistent increase of chloride raising the important issue of whether phenobarbital could aggravate persistent seizures. Here we compared the actions of phenobarbital on initial and established ictal...

The enhancing effect of sodium chloride addition on the adsorption of paraquat onto activated carbon was discussed from the standpoints of equilibrium amount adsorbed and adsorption rate in vitro. The amount of paraquat adsorbed was increased by the addition of sodium chloride. The amount adsorbed with 0.1% addition was about five times greater than that in sodium chloride-free solution at an e...

The solvent free route for the synthesis of diaryl sulfoxides from arenes and thionyl chloride in the presence of Lewis acids such as aluminum chloride and ferric chloride on silica gel are described.

The effect of trialkyllead and trialkyltin on pig erythrocyte hemolysis has been studied and compared. The results of experiments showed that the hemolytic activity of organoleads increases with their hydrophobicity and follows the sequence: triethyllead chloride < tri-n-propyllead chloride < tributyllead chloride. And similarly in the case of organotins: triethyltin chloride < tri-n-propyltin ...

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 and potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 have a role in the modulation of pain transmission at the spinal level through chloride regulation in the pain pathway and by effecting neuronal excitability and pain sensitization. The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of the specific sodium-p...

Chloride cells were identified by Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase immunocytochemistry at the light and electron microscope levels in gills of freshwater tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Turnover of chloride cells was enhanced by exposing the fish to waterborne copper (3.2 micromol l(-)(1)) for 14 days, as indicated by a 38 % increase in cells expressing proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) relative to c...

Unidirectional chloride effluxes from small bundles of muscle fibers were measured under equilibrium conditions. It was found that chloride effluxes are described by the constant field theory with a chloride permeability constant, P(cl), which is independent of the chloride concentration and the membrane potential. The value of P(cl) at neutral pH was found to be 5 x 10(-6) cm/sec. Chloride mov...