Perhaps the greatest mystery surrounding dinosaurs concerns whether they were endotherms, ectotherms, or some unique intermediate form. Here we present a model that yields estimates of dinosaur body temperature based on ontogenetic growth trajectories obtained from fossil bones. The model predicts that dinosaur body temperatures increased with body mass from approximately 25 degrees C at 12 kg ...

It is shown that photodynamic hemolysis may occur at -79 degrees C. if the erythrocytes are suspended in a solution containing 70 per cent glycerol which prevents hemolysis by freezing; but that there is no hemolysis under the same conditions at -210 degrees C. At the higher temperature the viscosity of the solution is still low enough to permit appreciable movement of molecules, whereas at the...

In two previous papers (Gowan 1928, 1930) calculating the effect of ozone on the temperature of the upper atmosphere, the height of the centre of gravity of the ozone layer was assumed to be about 45 km. Later, more reliable measurements were made (Gotz, Meetham & Dobson 1934) lowering this figure to 22 km., and also supplying the vertical distribution up to a little beyond 45 km. The results o...

In [3] quandle cohomology is used to produce invariants for particular embeddings of codimension two; 2-cocycles give rise to invariants for (classical) knots and 3-cocycles give rise to invariants for knotted surfaces. This is done by way of a notion of coloring of a diagram. Also, these invariants have the form of the state-sums (or partition functions) used in Statistical Mechanics. By a car...

This paper develops trend estimation techniques for monthly maximum and minimum temperature time series observed in the 48 conterminous United States over the last century. While most scientists concur that this region has warmed on aggregate, there is no a priori reason to believe that temporal trends in extremes and averages will exhibit the same patterns. Indeed, underminor regularity condit...

Any object with a net positive charge on one end and a net negative charge on the other end possesses an electric dipole moment. In ordinary classical electromagnetism this dipole moment is a vector quantity that can point in any direction, and is subject to electrical forces that are fairly straightforward to formulate mathematically. However, for a quantum mechanical object like an atom or mo...