Ultrastructural characterisation is important for understanding carbon nanotube (CNT) toxicity and how the CNTs interact with cells and tissues. The standard method for this involves using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, in particular, the sample preparation, using a microtome to cut thin sample sections for TEM, can be challenging for investigation of regions with agglomeratio...

CD26 is a T cell activation marker consisting in a type II transmembrane glycoprotein with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) activity in its extracellular domain. It has been described that DPPIV inhibition delays the onset of type 1 diabetes and reverses the disease in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of MK626, a DPPIV inhibitor, in type 1 diab...

Electron Microscopy (EM) is an important viewing technique for the study of microorganisms. More specifically, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) are extremely useful tools for the ultrastructural examination of prokaryotic cells as well as for the study of the interaction between bacterial pathogens and host cells. Perhaps one of the most interesting ...

Endothelial chemokines are instrumental for integrin-mediated lymphocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration (TEM). By dissecting how chemokines trigger lymphocyte integrins to support shear-resistant motility on and across cytokine-stimulated endothelial barriers, we found a critical role for high-affinity (HA) LFA-1 integrin in lymphocyte crawling on activated endothelium. Endothelial-pre...

Leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) is a critical event during inflammation. CD47 has been implicated in myeloid cell migration across endothelium and epithelium. CD47 binds to signal regulatory protein (SIRP), SIRPalpha and SIRPgamma. So far, little is known about the role of endothelial CD47 in T-cell TEM in vivo or under flow conditions in vitro. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting an...

Gold nanoparticles of 10 nm and 250 nm were intravenously injected in rats. At 24 h after administration, tissues were collected and prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the liver and spleen of animals treated with 10 nm gold nanoparticles, groups of nanoparticles were observed that could be positively identified by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis to contain gold, whil...

A novel and disposable microchip (K-kit) with SiO(2) nano-membranes was developed and used as a specimen kit for in situ imaging of living organisms in an aqueous condition using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) without equipment modification. This K-kit enabled the successful TEM observation of living Escherichia coli cells and the tellurite reduction process in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Th...

We demonstrate a new design of graphene liquid cell consisting of a thin lithographically patterned hexagonal boron nitride crystal encapsulated on both sides with graphene windows. The ultrathin window liquid cells produced have precisely controlled volumes and thicknesses and are robust to repeated vacuum cycling. This technology enables exciting new opportunities for liquid cell studies, pro...

The important role of the CD8+ T-cells on HIV control is well established. However, correlates of immune protection remain elusive. Although the importance of CD8+ T-cell specificity and functionality in virus control has been underscored, further unraveling the link between CD8+ T-cell differentiation and viral control is needed. Here, an immunophenotypic analysis (in terms of memory markers a...

Recent development of liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables the study of specimens in wet ambient conditions within a liquid cell; however, direct structural observation of biological samples in their native solution using TEM is challenging since low-mass biomaterials embedded in a thick liquid layer of the host cell demonstrate low contrast. Furthermore, the integrity of...