DNA vaccines can be manufactured cheaply, easily and rapidly and have performed well in pre-clinical animal studies. However, clinical trials have so far been disappointing, failing to evoke a strong immune response, possibly due to poor antigen expression. To improve antigen expression, improved technology to monitor DNA vaccine transfection efficiency is required. In the current study, we com...

BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for horizontal transmission of hepatitis B infection due to intravenous drug abuse (IVDA), tattooing, blood transfusion, and combinations of these risk factors. METHODS All people detained in 19 prisons were invited to participate. Subjects underwent a physical examination and completed a questionnaire. Blood s...

The skin is an attractive organ for immunization because of the presence of antigen-presenting cells. Intradermal delivery via tattooing has demonstrated superior vaccine immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in comparison to conventional delivery methods. In this study, we explored the efficacy of tattoo injection of a tumor vaccine based on recombinant Semliki Forest virus replicon particles (rSFV) ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Body art is increasing since the 1990s. Anaesthesiologists would be more and more confronted to patient with tattooing or piercing, or both. This review discusses the anaesthetic potential risks and complications observed with tattooing and piercing, their management and prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Airway management during anaesthesia is of particular interest with oral jewe...

The Konyak Nagas and Ao have separate cultural histories that are woven into their daily lives. Tattoos deeply ingrained in both societies, acting as important symbols of personal identity history. This research is an attempt to understanding the tattooing process's philosophy motivations, well a deep dive tattoo artist's methods procedure. Tattooing more than just adornment many cultures; it p...

Tattoos, piercing, and scarification are now commonplace among adolescents and young adults. This first clinical report from the American Academy of Pediatrics on voluntary body modification will review the methods used to perform the modifications. Complications resulting from body modification methods, although not common, are discussed to provide the pediatrician with management information....

Biopsy is a traditional endoscopic surveillance of premalignant gastric lesions, and endoscopic tattooing is used for marking the biopsy's location. However, the tattooing has several disadvantages. For example, the procedure is an invasive operation and may not be durable due to the diffusion. Moreover, it is procedurally cumbersome with an associated risk of technical failure. In this study, ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Tattoos are an increasingly prevalent form of self-expression, especially for adolescents. This study was conducted to determine health-risk behaviors associated with tattoos in young men and women entering military service. METHODS We surveyed a cohort of 550 military recruits using a modification of the Youth Risk Behavioral Survey (YRBS), a validated instrument us...