BACKGROUND After superficial mucosal injury, the disturbed gastric epithelial continuity is restored by cellular migration. Caspase-3 is an enzyme responsible for the execution of stress-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, heat shock proteins (Hsp) including Hsp60 are capable of modulating caspase-3 activity. Interestingly, we have demonstrated that heat shock preconditioning upregulates Hsp synt...

Rebeccamycin and staurosporine are natural products with antitumor properties, which belong to the family of indolocarbazole alkaloids. An intense effort currently exists for the generation of indolocarbazole derivatives for the treatment of several diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we report a biological process based on combinatorial biosynthesis for the produc...

Cyanobacteria are an important source of natural products. In this article, we briefly review the responses of cyanobacteria to different stresses. Abiotic stresses (temperature, salt, heavy metals, metalloid and ultraviolet (UV) influence cell growth and metabolism in cyanobacteria. Salt stress is a major abiotic factor that decrease...

cAMP signaling is well-established in the regulation of melanin synthesis. Two distinct pathways, melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) are known to differentially modulate melanogenesis. The MC1R pathway control melanogenesis via gene expression, while sAC influences synthesis melanosomal pH. However, whether affects pH remained unclear. Using human mouse melanocyte...

This study aimed to predict the optimal carbon source for higher production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) by Lactobacillus paracasei TD 062, and evaluate effect this on monosaccharide composition EPS. We evaluated EPS capacity 20 strains L. under same conditions. further investigated which showed highest EPS-producing activity (0.609 g/L), examining associated biosynthesis pathways Genomics revea...

One of the hallmarks of cancer is the ability to generate and withstand unusual levels of oxidative stress. In part, this property of tumor cells is conferred by elevation of the cellular redox buffer glutathione. Though enzymes of the glutathione synthesis and salvage pathways have been characterized for several decades, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of their independent and coor...

Cholesterol synthesis is among the oldest metabolic pathways, consisting of the Bloch and Kandutch-Russell branches. Following lanosterol, sterols of both branches are proposed to be dedicated to cholesterol. We challenge this dogma by mathematical modeling and with experimental evidence. It was not possible to explain the sterol profile of testis in cAMP responsive element modulator tau (Crem ...

The structure of multiply twinned particles (MTPs) provides an example how specific crystallographic features dictate the geometric shape finite-sized crystals. formation MTPs during colloidal synthesis can occur through at least two different pathways: 1) growth from seeds or 2) stepwise new twin boundaries on single-crystalline (either by particle overgrowth multiparticle attachment). By util...

Pyridine nucleotides are key redox carriers in the soluble phase of all living cells, and both NAD and NADP play crucial roles in pro-oxidant and antioxidant metabolism. Recent data also suggest a number of non-redox mechanisms by which these nucleotides could influence cell function. In cases where these mechanisms involve NAD(P) consumption, resynthesis must occur to maintain nucleotide pools...