We propose a quartic function to represent a family of continuous quality loss functions. Depending on the choice of its parameters the shape of this function within the specification limits can be either symmetric or asymmetric, and it can be either similar to the ubiquitous quadratic loss function or somewhat closer to the conventional step function. We examine this family of loss functions i...

In this article, we estimate the vertical price transmission through the Iranian rice marketing chain by usingmonthly data from March 2000 to February, 2009 and error correction model (ECM).The causality testresults indicate that changes in the producer price clearly led changes in wholesale and retail prices. InProducer-Retail and Wholesale-Retail models, price transmission is asymmetric but i...

Tooth root crack is considered as one of the crucial causes of failure in the gearing system and it occurs at the tooth root due to an excessive bending stress developed in the root region. The modern power transmission gear drives demand high bending load capacity, increased contact load capacity, low weight, reduced noise and longer life. These subsequent conditions are satisfied by the aid o...

in this article, we estimate the vertical price transmission through the iranian rice marketing chain by usingmonthly data from march 2000 to february, 2009 and error correction model (ecm).the causality testresults indicate that changes in the producer price clearly led changes in wholesale and retail prices. inproducer-retail and wholesale-retail models, price transmission is asymmetric but i...

In this paper, an initially unmagnetized pair plasma with asymmetric velocity distributions is investigated where any unstable Weibel mode must be isolated, with discrete values for the growth rates and the unstable wavenumbers. For both a non-relativistic distribution with thermal spread and a high-relativistic two-stream distribution it is shown that isolated modes are excited and that, as th...

We study the properties of electromagnetic waves propagating along the waveguides with a periodic core created by alternating metal and dielectric layers, the so-called quasi-one-dimensional plasmonic crystal waveguides. Such waveguides can be symmetric or asymmetric, depending on the cladding or substrate material properties, as well as on the termination of the periodic structure. We analyze ...

The tax-expenditure hypothesis posed by Milton Friedman emphasizes a positive causal relationship between government tax revenues and government expenditures. If citizens do not have a correct perception of the real tax burden and under-estimate the price of public goods and services, there is a negative causal relationship between tax revenues and government expenditures, which indicates exist...

Nowadays, banks are considered as one of the major components of the financial system of a country and any deficits and malfunction in the banking system will negatively affect the performance of the real sector. Therefore, there is a need for more investigation on the behavior of banks and factors affecting those behaviors in a country. One of the issues that affect the behavior of banks is sy...